Advertisers often displayed considerable facility in adapting their claims to the market status of the goods they promoted. Fleischmann's yeast, for instance, was used as an ingredient for cooking homemade bread. Yet more and more people in the early 20th century were buying their bread from stores or bakeries, so consumer demand for yeast declined. The producer of Fleischmann's yeast hired the J. Walter Thompson advertising agency to come up with a different marketing strategy to boost sales. No longer the “Soul of Bread,” the Thompson agency first turned yeast into an important source of vitamins with significant health benefits. Shortly thereafter, the advertising agency transformed yeast into a natural laxative. Repositioning yeast helped increase sales.
*laxative: 완하제(배변을 쉽게 하는 약·음식·음료)
31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Individuals who perform at a high level in their profession often have instant credibility with others. People admire them, they want to be like them, and they feel connected to them. When they speak, others listen―even if the area of their skill has nothing to do with the advice they give. Think about a world-famous basketball player. He has made more money from endorsements than he ever did playing basketball. Is it because of his knowledge of the products he endorses? No. It's because of what he can do with a basketball. The same can be said of an Olympic medalist swimmer. People listen to him because of what he can do in the pool. And when an actor tells us we should drive a certain car, we don't listen because of his expertise on engines. We listen because we admire his talent. Excellence connects. If you possess a high level of ability in an area, others may desire to connect with you because of it.
*endorsement: (유명인의 텔레비전 등에서의 상품) 보증 선전
32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Think of the brain as a city. If you were to look out over a city and ask “where is the economy located?” you'd see there's no good answer to the question. Instead, the economy emerges from the interaction of all the elements―from the stores and the banks to the merchants and the customers. And so it is with the brain's operation: it doesn't happen in one spot. Just as in a city, no neighborhood of the brain operates in isolation. In brains and in cities, everything emerges from the interaction between residents, at all scales, locally and distantly. Just as trains bring materials and textiles into a city, which become processed into the economy, so the raw electrochemical signals from sensory organs are transported along superhighways of neurons. There the signals undergo processing and transformation into our conscious reality.
*electrochemical: 전기화학의
33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Someone else's body language affects our own body, which then creates an emotional echo that makes us feel accordingly. As Louis Armstrong sang, “When you're smiling, the whole world smiles with you.” If copying another's smile makes us feel happy, the emotion of the smiler has been transmitted via our body. Strange as it may sound, this theory states that emotions arise from our bodies. For example, our mood can be improved by simply lifting up the corners of our mouth. If people are asked to bite down on a pencil lengthwise, taking care not to let the pencil touch their lips (thus forcing the mouth into a smile-like shape), they judge cartoons funnier than if they have been asked to frown. The primacy of the body is sometimes summarized in the phrase “I must be afraid, because I'm running.”
*lengthwise: 길게 **frown: 얼굴을 찡그리다
34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Restricting the number of items customers can buy boosts sales. Brian Wansink, Professor of Marketing at Cornell University, investigated the effectiveness of this tactic in 1998. He persuaded three supermarkets in Sioux City, Iowa, to offer Campbell's soup at a small discount: 79 cents rather than 89 cents. The discounted soup was sold in one of three conditions: a control, where there was no limit on the volume of purchases, or two tests, where customers were limited to either four or twelve cans. In the unlimited condition shoppers bought 3.3 cans on average, whereas in the scarce condition, when there was a limit, they bought 5.3 on average. This suggests scarcity encourages sales. The findings are particularly strong because the test took place in a supermarket with genuine shoppers. It didn't rely on claimed data, nor was it held in a laboratory where consumers might behave differently.
*tactic: 전략
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Although technology has the potential to increase productivity, it can also have a negative impact on productivity. For example, in many office environments workers sit at desks with computers and have access to the internet. They are able to check their personal e-mails and use social media whenever they want to. This can stop them from doing their work and make them less productive. Introducing new technology can also have a negative impact on production when it causes a change to the production process or requires workers to learn a new system. Learning to use new technology can be time consuming and stressful for workers and this can cause a decline in productivity.
The introduction of new technologies clearly has both positive and negative impacts for sustainable development. Good management of technological resources needs to take them fully into account. Technological developments in sectors such as nuclear energy and agriculture provide examples of how not only environmental benefits but also risks to the environment or human health can accompany technological advances. New technologies have profound social impacts as well. Since the industrial revolution, technological advances have changed the nature of skills needed in workplaces, creating certain types of jobs and destroying others, with impacts on employment patterns. New technologies need to be assessed for their full potential impacts, both positive and negative.
21. 밑줄 친 have entirely lost our marbles가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
North America's native cuisine met the same unfortunate fate as its native people, save for a few relics like the Thanksgiving turkey. Certainly, we still have regional specialties, but the Carolina barbecue will almost certainly have California tomatoes in its sauce, and the Louisiana gumbo is just as likely to contain Indonesian farmed shrimp. If either of these shows up on a fast-food menu with lots of added fats or HFCS, we seem unable either to discern or resist the corruption. We have yet to come up with a strong set of generalized norms, passed down through families, for savoring and sensibly consuming what our land and climate give us. We have, instead, a string of fad diets convulsing our bookstores and bellies, one after another, at the scale of the national best seller. Nine out of ten nutritionists view this as evidence that we have entirely lost our marbles.
*relic: 전해 내려오는 풍속 **HFCS: 액상과당
***convulse: 큰 소동을 일으키다
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Perhaps, the advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the workplace may bode well for Emotional Intelligence (EI). As AI gains momentum and replaces people in jobs at every level, predictions are, there will be a premium placed on people who have high ability in EI. The emotional messages people send and respond to while interacting are, at this point, far beyond the ability of AI programs to mimic. As we get further into the age of the smart machine, it is likely that sensing and managing emotions will remain one type of intelligence that puzzles AI. This means people and jobs involving EI are safe from being taken over by machines. In a survey, almost three out of four executives see EI as a “must-have” skill for the workplace in the future as the automatizing of routine tasks bumps up against the impossibility of creating effective AI for activities that require emotional skill.
* bode: ~의 징조가 되다 ** momentum: 추진력
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Education must focus on the trunk of the tree of knowledge, revealing the ways in which the branches, twigs, and leaves all emerge from a common core. Tools for thinking stem from this core, providing a common language with which practitioners in different fields may share their experience of the process of innovation and discover links between their creative activities. When the same terms are employed across the curriculum, students begin to link different subjects and classes. If they practice abstracting in writing class, if they work on abstracting in painting or drawing class, and if, in all cases, they call it abstracting, they begin to understand how to think beyond disciplinary boundaries. They see how to transform their thoughts from one mode of conception and expression to another. Linking the disciplines comes naturally when the terms and tools are presented as part of a universal imagination.
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
New words and expressions emerge continually in response to new situations, ideas and feelings. The Oxford English Dictionary publishes supplements of new words and expressions that have entered the language. Some people deplore this kind of thing and see it as a drift from correct English. But it was only in the eighteenth century that any attempt was made to formalize spelling and punctuation of English at all. The language we speak in the twenty-first century would be virtually unintelligible to Shakespeare, and so would his way of speaking to us. Alvin Toffler estimated that Shakespeare would probably only understand about 250,000 of the 450,000 words in general use in the English language now. In other words, so to speak, if Shakespeare were to materialize in London today he would understand, on average, only five out of every nine words in our vocabulary.
* deplore: 한탄하다
26. John Ray에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Born in 1627 in Black Notley, Essex, England, John Ray was the son of the village blacksmith. At 16, he went to Cambridge University, where he studied widely and lectured on topics from Greek to mathematics, before joining the priesthood in 1660. To recover from an illness in 1650, he had taken to nature walks and developed an interest in botany. Accompanied by his wealthy student and supporter Francis Willughby, Ray toured Britain and Europe in the 1660s, studying and collecting plants and animals. He married Margaret Oakley in 1673 and, after leaving Willughby's household, lived quietly in Black Notley to the age of 77. He spent his later years studying samples in order to assemble plant and animal catalogues. He wrote more than twenty works on theology and his travels, as well as on plants and their form and function.
*theology: 신학
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Research psychologists often work with self-report data, made up of participants' verbal accounts of their behavior. This is the case whenever questionnaires, interviews, or personality inventories are used to measure variables. Self-report methods can be quite useful. They take advantage of the fact that people have a unique opportunity to observe themselves full-time. However, self-reports can be plagued by several kinds of distortion. One of the most problematic of these distortions is the social desirability bias, which is a tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself. Subjects who are influenced by this bias work overtime trying to create a favorable impression, especially when subjects are asked about sensitive issues. For example, many survey respondents will report that they voted in an election or gave to a charity when in fact it is possible to determine that they did not.
Research shows that people who work have two calendars: one for work and one for their personal lives. Although it may seem sensible, having two separate calendars for work and personal life can lead to distractions. To check if something is missing, you will find yourself checking your to-do lists multiple times. Instead, organize all of your tasks in one place. It doesn't matter if you use digital or paper media. It's okay to keep your professional and personal tasks in one place. This will give you a good idea of how time is divided between work and home. This will allow you to make informed decisions about which tasks are most important.
21. 밑줄 친 become unpaid ambassadors가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Why do you care how a customer reacts to a purchase? Good question. By understanding post-purchase behavior, you can understand the influence and the likelihood of whether a buyer will repurchase the product (and whether she will keep it or return it). You'll also determine whether the buyer will encourage others to purchase the product from you. Satisfied customers can become unpaid ambassadors for your business, so customer satisfaction should be on the top of your to-do list. People tend to believe the opinions of people they know. People trust friends over advertisements any day. They know that advertisements are paid to tell the “good side” and that they're used to persuade them to purchase products and services. By continually monitoring your customer's satisfaction after the sale, you have the ability to avoid negative word-of-mouth advertising.
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
The promise of a computerized society, we were told, was that it would pass to machines all of the repetitive drudgery of work, allowing us humans to pursue higher purposes and to have more leisure time. It didn't work out this way. Instead of more time, most of us have less. Companies large and small have off-loaded work onto the backs of consumers. Things that used to be done for us, as part of the value-added service of working with a company, we are now expected to do ourselves. With air travel, we're now expected to complete our own reservations and check-in, jobs that used to be done by airline employees or travel agents. At the grocery store, we're expected to bag our own groceries and, in some supermarkets, to scan our own purchases.
*drudgery: 고된 일
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
We tend to believe that we possess a host of socially desirable characteristics, and that we are free of most of those that are socially undesirable. For example, a large majority of the general public thinks that they are more intelligent, more fair- minded, less prejudiced, and more skilled behind the wheel of an automobile than the average person. This phenomenon is so reliable and ubiquitous that it has come to be known as the “Lake Wobegon effect,” after Garrison Keillor's fictional community where “the women are strong, the men are good- looking, and all the children are above average.” A survey of one million high school seniors found that 70% thought they were above average in leadership ability, and only 2% thought they were below average. In terms of ability to get along with others, all students thought they were above average, 60% thought they were in the top 10%, and 25% thought they were in the top 1%!
*ubiquitous: 도처에 있는
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Few people will be surprised to hear that poverty tends to create stress: a 2006 study published in the American journal Psychosomatic Medicine, for example, noted that a lower socioeconomic status was associated with higher levels of stress hormones in the body. However, richer economies have their own distinct stresses. The key issue is time pressure. A 1999 study of 31 countries by American psychologist Robert Levine and Canadian psychologist Ara Norenzayan found that wealthier, more industrialized nations had a faster pace of life―which led to a higher standard of living, but at the same time left the population feeling a constant sense of urgency, as well as being more prone to heart disease. In effect, fast-paced productivity creates wealth, but it also leads people to feel time-poor when they lack the time to relax and enjoy themselves.
*prone: 걸리기 쉬운
26. Gary Becker에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Gary Becker was born in Pottsville, Pennsylvania in 1930 and grew up in Brooklyn, New York City. His father, who was not well educated, had a deep interest in financial and political issues. After graduating from high school, Becker went to Princeton University, where he majored in economics. He was dissatisfied with his economic education at Princeton University because “it didn't seem to be handling real problems.” He earned a doctor's degree in economics from the University of Chicago in 1955. His doctoral paper on the economics of discrimination was mentioned by the Nobel Prize Committee as an important contribution to economics. Since 1985, Becker had written a regular economics column in Business Week, explaining economic analysis and ideas to the general public. In 1992, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in economic science.
*discrimination: 차별
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Although praise is one of the most powerful tools available for improving young children's behavior, it is equally powerful for improving your child's self-esteem. Preschoolers believe what their parents tell them in a very profound way. They do not yet have the cognitive sophistication to reason analytically and reject false information. If a preschool boy consistently hears from his mother that he is smart and a good helper, he is likely to incorporate that information into his self-image. Thinking of himself as a boy who is smart and knows how to do things is likely to make him endure longer in problem-solving efforts and increase his confidence in trying new and difficult tasks. Similarly, thinking of himself as the kind of boy who is a good helper will make him more likely to volunteer to help with tasks at home and at preschool.
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19. 다음 글에 드러난 ‘I’의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
When I woke up in our hotel room, it was almost midnight. I didn't see my husband nor daughter. I called them, but I heard their phones ringing in the room. Feeling worried, I went outside and walked down the street, but they were nowhere to be found. When I decided I should ask someone for help, a crowd nearby caught my attention. I approached, hoping to find my husband and daughter, and suddenly I saw two familiar faces. I smiled, feeling calm. Just then, my daughter saw me and called, “Mom!” They were watching the magic show. Finally, I felt all my worries disappear.
[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Early hunter-gatherer societies had (a)minimal structure. A chief or group of elders usually led the camp or village. Most of these leaders had to hunt and gather along with the other members because the surpluses of food and other vital resources were seldom (b)sufficient to support a full-time chief or village council. The development of agriculture changed work patterns. Early farmers could reap 3-10 kg of grain from each 1 kg of seed planted. Part of this food/energy surplus was returned to the community and (c)provided(←limited) support for nonfarmers such as chieftains, village councils, men who practice medicine, priests, and warriors. In return, the nonfarmers provided leadership and security for the farming population, enabling it to continue to increase food/energy yields and provide ever larger surpluses.
With improved technology and favorable conditions, agriculture produced consistent surpluses of the basic necessities, and population groups grew in size. These groups concentrated in towns and cities, and human tasks (d)specialized further. Specialists such as carpenters, blacksmiths, merchants, traders, and sailors developed their skills and became more efficient in their use of time and energy. The goods and services they provided brought about an (e)improved quality of life, a higher standard of living, and, for most societies, increased stability.
*reap: (농작물을) 베어들이다 **chieftain: 수령, 두목
[43-45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A)
A nurse took a tired, anxious soldier to the bedside. “Jack, your son is here,” the nurse said to an old man lying on the bed. She had to repeat the words several times before the old man's eyes opened. Suffering from the severe pain because of heart disease, he barely saw the young uniformed soldier standing next to him. (a)He reached out his hand to the soldier.
(D)
The soldier gently wrapped his fingers around the weak hand of the old man. The nurse brought a chair so that the soldier could sit beside the bed. All through the night the young soldier sat there, holding the old man's hand and offering (e)him words of support and comfort. Occasionally, she suggested that the soldier take a rest for a while. He politely said no.
(B)
Whenever the nurse came into the room, she heard the soldier say a few gentle words. The old man said nothing, only held tightly to (b)him all through the night. Just before dawn, the old man died. The soldier released the old man's hand and left the room to find the nurse. After she was told what happened, she went back to the room with him. The soldier hesitated for a while and asked, “Who was this man?”
(C)
She was surprised and asked, “Wasn't he your father?” “No, he wasn't. I've never met him before,” the soldier replied. She asked, “Then why didn't you say something when I took you to (c)him?” He said, “I knew there had been a mistake, but when I realized that he was too sick to tell whether or not I was his son, I could see how much (d)he needed me. So, I stayed.”
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear parents,
Regular attendance at school is essential in maximizing student potential. Recently, we've become concerned about the number of unapproved absences across all grades. I would like to further clarify that your role as a parent is to approve any school absence. Parents must provide an explanation for absences to the school within 7-days from the first day of any period of absence. Where an explanation has not been received within the 7-day time frame, the school will record the absence as unjustified on the student's record. Please ensure that you go to the parent portal site and register the reason any time your child is absent. Please approve all absences, so that your child will not be at a disadvantage. Many thanks for your cooperation.
Sincerely, Natalie Brown, Vice Principal
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Ester의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
Ester stood up as soon as she heard the hum of a hover engine outside. “Mail,” she shouted and ran down the third set of stairs and swung open the door. It was pouring now, but she ran out into the rain. She was facing the mailbox. There was a single, unopened letter inside. She was sure this must be what she was eagerly waiting for. Without hesitation, she tore open the envelope. She pulled out the paper and unfolded it. The letter said, ‘Thank you for applying to our company. We would like to invite you to our internship program. We look forward to seeing you soon.’ She jumped up and down and looked down at the letter again. She couldn't wait to tell this news to her family.
[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Events or experiences that are out of ordinary tend to be remembered better because there is nothing competing with them when your brain tries to access them from its storehouse of remembered events. In other words, the reason it can be difficult to remember what you ate for breakfast two Thursdays ago is that there was probably nothing special about that Thursday or that particular breakfast―consequently, all your breakfast memories combine together into a sort of generic impression of a breakfast. Your memory merges similar events not only because it's more efficient to do so, but also because this is fundamental to how we learn things―our brains extract abstract rules that tie experiences together.
This is especially true for things that are routine. If your breakfast is always the same―cereal with milk, a glass of orange juice, and a cup of coffee for instance ― there is no easy way for your brain to extract the details from one particular breakfast. Ironically, then, for behaviors that are routinized, you can remember the generic content of the behavior (such as the things you ate, since you always eat the same thing), but particulars to that one instance can be very difficult to call up (such as the sound of a garbage truck going by or a bird that passed by your window) unless they were especially distinctive. On the other hand, if you did something unique that broke your routine―perhaps you had leftover pizza for breakfast and spilled tomato sauce on your dress shirt―you are more likely to remember it.
[43-45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A)
Henrietta is one of the greatest “queens of song.” She had to go through a severe struggle before she attained the enviable position as the greatest singer Germany had produced. At the beginning of her career she was hissed off a Vienna stage by the friends of her rival, Amelia. But in spite of this defeat, Henrietta endured until all Europe was at her feet.
* hiss off: 야유하여 쫓아내다
(D)
Many years later, when Henrietta was at the height of her fame, one day she was riding through the streets of Berlin. Soon she came across a little girl leading a blind woman. She was touched by the woman's helplessness, and she impulsively beckoned the child to her, saying “Come here, my child. Who is that you are leading by the hand?”
(B)
The answer was, “That's my mother, Amelia Steininger. She used to be a great singer, but she lost her voice, and she cried so much about it that now she can't see anymore.” Henrietta inquired their address and then told the child, “Tell your mother an old acquaintance will call on her this afternoon.” She searched out their place and undertook the care of both mother and daughter. At her request, a skilled doctor tried to restore Amelia's sight, but it was in vain.
(C)
But Henrietta's kindness to her former rival did not stop here. The next week she gave a benefit concert for the poor woman, and it was said that on that occasion Henrietta sang as she had never sung before. And who can doubt that with the applause of that vast audience there was mingled the applause of the angels in heaven who rejoice over the good deeds of those below?
※ 본 자료는 내신 대비 자료로 본문의 흐름을 정확히 익히고 있는지에 초점을 두어 제작되었으므로 평가원에서 구성하는 순서, 삽입의 메커니즘으로 이루어져 있지 않은, 즉 개연성이 없는 문항이 있을 수 있습니다.
36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Like positive habits, bad habits exist on a continuum of easy-to-change and hard-to-change. When you get toward the “hard” end of the spectrum, note the language you hear ― breaking bad habits and battling addiction. It's as if an unwanted behavior is a nefarious villain to be aggressively defeated. But this kind of language (and the approaches it spawns) frames these challenges in a way that isn't helpful or effective. I specifically hope we will stop using this phrase: “break a habit.” This language misguides people. The word “break” sets the wrong expectation for how you get rid of a bad habit. This word implies that if you input a lot of force in one moment, the habit will be gone. However, that rarely works, because you usually cannot get rid of an unwanted habit by applying force one time.
*spawn: 낳다 **nefarious: 사악한
37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
A common but incorrect assumption is that we are creatures of reason when, in fact, we are creatures of both reason and emotion. We cannot get by on reason alone since any reason always eventually leads to a feeling. Should I get a wholegrain cereal or a chocolate cereal? I can list all the reasons I want, but the reasons have to be based on something. For example, if my goal is to eat healthy, I can choose the wholegrain cereal, but what is my reason for wanting to be healthy? I can list more and more reasons such as wanting to live longer, spending more quality time with loved ones, etc., but what are the reasons for those reasons? You should be able to see by now that reasons are ultimately based on non-reason such as values, feelings, or emotions. These deep-seated values, feelings, and emotions we have are rarely a result of reasoning, but can certainly be influenced by reasoning. We have values, feelings, and emotions before we begin to reason and long before we begin to reason effectively.
38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
Electric communication is mainly known in fish. The electric signals are produced in special electric organs. When the signal is discharged the electric organ will be negatively loaded compared to the head and an electric field is created around the fish. A weak electric current is created also in ordinary muscle cells when they contract. In the electric organ the muscle cells are connected in larger chunks, which makes the total current intensity larger than in ordinary muscles. The fish varies the signals by changing the form of the electric field or the frequency of discharging. The system is only working over small distances, about one to two meters. This is an advantage since the species using the signal system often live in large groups with several other species. If many fish send out signals at the same time, the short range decreases the risk of interference.
39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
Creativity can have an effect on productivity. Creativity leads some individuals to recognize problems that others do not see, but which may be very difficult. Charles Darwin's approach to the speciation problem is a good example of this; he chose a very difficult and tangled problem, speciation, which led him into a long period of data collection and deliberation. This choice of problem did not allow for a quick attack or a simple experiment. In such cases creativity may actually decrease productivity (as measured by publication counts) because effort is focused on difficult problems. For others, whose creativity is more focused on methods and technique, creativity may lead to solutions that drastically reduce the work necessary to solve a problem. We can see an example in the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which enables us to amplify small pieces of DNA in a short time. This type of creativity might reduce the number of steps or substitute steps that are less likely to fail, thus increasing productivity.
*speciation: 종(種) 분화
**polymerase chain reaction: 중합 효소 연쇄 반응
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
A young child may be puzzled when asked to distinguish between the directions of right and left. But that same child may have no difficulty in determining the directions of up and down or back and front. Scientists propose that this occurs because, although we experience three dimensions, only two had a strong influence on our evolution: the vertical dimension as defined by gravity and, in mobile species, the front/back dimension as defined by the positioning of sensory and feeding mechanisms. These influence our perception of vertical versus horizontal, far versus close, and the search for dangers from above (such as an eagle) or below (such as a snake). However, the left-right axis is not as relevant in nature. A bear is equally dangerous from its left or the right side, but not if it is upside down. In fact, when observing a scene containing plants, animals, and man-made objects such as cars or street signs, we can only tell when left and right have been inverted if we observe those artificial items.
*axis: 축
Having affected the evolution of our (A)spatial perception, vertical and front/back dimensions are easily perceived, but the left-right axis, which is not (B)significant in nature, doesn't come instantly to us.
In the Old Stone Age, small bands of 20 to 60 people wandered from place to place in search of food. Once people began farming, they could settle down near their farms. As a result, towns and villages grew larger. Living in communities allowed people to organize themselves more efficiently. They could divide up the work of producing food and other things they needed. While some workers grew crops, others built new houses and made tools. Village dwellers also learned to work together to do a task faster. For example, toolmakers could share the work of making stone axes and knives. By working together, they could make more tools in the same amount of time.
*dweller: 거주자
37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Natural processes form minerals in many ways. For example, hot melted rock material, called magma, cools when it reaches the Earth's surface, or even if it's trapped below the surface. As magma cools, its atoms lose heat energy, move closer together, and begin to combine into compounds. During this process, atoms of the different compounds arrange themselves into orderly, repeating patterns. The type and amount of elements present in a magma partly determine which minerals will form. Also, the size of the crystals that form depends partly on how rapidly the magma cools. When magma cools slowly, the crystals that form are generally large enough to see with the unaided eye. This is because the atoms have enough time to move together and form into larger crystals. When magma cools rapidly, the crystals that form will be small. In such cases, you can't easily see individual mineral crystals.
*compound: 화합물
38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
All carbohydrates are basically sugars. Complex carbohydrates are the good carbohydrates for your body. These complex sugar compounds are very difficult to break down and can trap other nutrients like vitamins and minerals in their chains. As they slowly break down, the other nutrients are also released into your body, and can provide you with fuel for a number of hours. Bad carbohydrates, on the other hand, are simple sugars. Because their structure is not complex, they are easy to break down and hold few nutrients for your body other than the sugars from which they are made. Your body breaks down these carbohydrates rather quickly and what it cannot use is converted to fat and stored in the body.
*carbohydrate: 탄수화물 **convert: 바꾸다
39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
People commonly make the mistaken assumption that because a person has one type of characteristic, then they automatically have other characteristics which go with it. In one study, university students were given descriptions of a guest lecturer before he spoke to the group. Half the students received a description containing the word ‘warm’, the other half were told the speaker was ‘cold’. The guest lecturer then led a discussion, after which the students were asked to give their impressions of him. As expected, there were large differences between the impressions formed by the students, depending upon their original information of the lecturer. It was also found that those students who expected the lecturer to be warm tended to interact with him more. This shows that different expectations not only affect the impressions we form but also our behaviour and the relationship which is formed.
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
To help decide what's risky and what's safe, who's trustworthy and who's not, we look for social evidence. From an evolutionary view, following the group is almost always positive for our prospects of survival. “If everyone's doing it, it must be a sensible thing to do,” explains famous psychologist and best selling writer of Influence, Robert Cialdini. While we can frequently see this today in product reviews, even subtler cues within the environment can signal trustworthiness. Consider this: when you visit a local restaurant, are they busy? Is there a line outside or is it easy to find a seat? It is a hassle to wait, but a line can be a powerful cue that the food's tasty, and these seats are in demand. More often than not, it's good to adopt the practices of those around you.
* subtle: 미묘한 ** hassle: 성가신 일
We tend to feel safe and secure in (A)numbers when we decide how to act, particularly when faced with (B)uncertain conditions.
Human beings like certainty. This liking stems from our ancient ancestors who needed to survive alongside saber-toothed tigers and poisonous berries. Our brains evolved to help us attend to threats, keep away from them, and remain alive afterward. In fact, we learned that the more certain we were about something, the better chance we had of making the right choice. Is this berry the same shape as last time? The same size? If I know for certain it is, my brain will direct me to eat it because I know it's safe. And if I'm uncertain, my brain will send out a danger alert to protect me. The dependence on certainty all those millennia ago ensured our survival to the present day, and the danger-alert system continues to protect us. This is achieved by our brains labeling new, vague, or unpredictable everyday events and experiences as uncertain. Our brains then generate sensations, thoughts, and action plans to keep us safe from the uncertain element, and we live to see another day.
*saber-toothed tiger: 검치호(검 모양의 송곳니를 가진 호랑이)
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
Robert Blattberg and Steven Hoch noted that, in a changing environment, it is not clear that consistency is always a virtue and that one of the advantages of human judgment is the ability to detect change. Thus, in changing environments, it might be advantageous to combine human judgment and statistical models. Blattberg and Hoch examined this possibility by having supermarket managers forecast demand for certain products and then creating a composite forecast by averaging these judgments with the forecasts of statistical models based on past data. The logic was that statistical models assume stable conditions and therefore cannot account for the effects on demand of novel events such as actions taken by competitors or the introduction of new products. Humans, however, can incorporate these novel factors in their judgments. The composite ― or average of human judgments and statistical models ― proved to be more accurate than either the statistical models or the managers working alone.
*composite: 종합적인; 종합된 것
31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Free play is nature's means of teaching children that they are not helpless. In play, away from adults, children really do have control and can practice asserting it. In free play, children learn to make their own decisions, solve their own problems, create and follow rules, and get along with others as equals rather than as obedient or rebellious subordinates. In active outdoor play, children deliberately dose themselves with moderate amounts of fear and they thereby learn how to control not only their bodies, but also their fear. In social play children learn how to negotiate with others, how to please others, and how to manage and overcome the anger that can arise from conflicts. None of these lessons can be taught through verbal means; they can be learned only through experience, which free play provides.
*rebellious: 반항적인
32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Many early dot-com investors focused almost entirely on revenue growth instead of net income. Many early dot-com companies earned most of their revenue from selling advertising space on their Web sites. To boost reported revenue, some sites began exchanging ad space. Company A would put an ad for its Web site on company B's Web site, and company B would put an ad for its Web site on company A's Web site. No money ever changed hands, but each company recorded revenue (for the value of the space that it gave up on its site) and expense (for the value of its ad that it placed on the other company's site). This practice did little to boost net income and resulted in no additional cash inflow ― but it did boost reported revenue. This practice was quickly put to an end because accountants felt that it did not meet the criteria of the revenue recognition principle.
*revenue: 수익 **net income: 순이익
33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Scholars of myth have long argued that myth gives structure and meaning to human life; that meaning is amplified when a myth evolves into a world. A virtual world's ability to fulfill needs grows when lots and lots of people believe in the world. Conversely, a virtual world cannot be long sustained by a mere handful of adherents. Consider the difference between a global sport and a game I invent with my nine friends and play regularly. My game might be a great game, one that is completely immersive, one that consumes all of my group's time and attention. If its reach is limited to the ten of us, though, then it's ultimately just a weird hobby, and it has limited social function. For a virtual world to provide lasting, wide-ranging value, its participants must be a large enough group to be considered a society. When that threshold is reached, psychological value can turn into wide-ranging social value.
*adherent: 추종자 **threshold: 기준점
34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
It seems natural to describe certain environmental conditions as ‘extreme’, ‘harsh’, ‘benign’ or ‘stressful’. It may seem obvious when conditions are ‘extreme’: the midday heat of a desert, the cold of an Antarctic winter, the salinity of the Great Salt Lake. But this only means that these conditions are extreme for us, given our particular physiological characteristics and tolerances. To a cactus there is nothing extreme about the desert conditions in which cacti have evolved; nor are the icy lands of Antarctica an extreme environment for penguins. It is lazy and dangerous for the ecologist to assume that all other organisms sense the environment in the way we do. Rather, the ecologist should try to gain a worm's-eye or plant's-eye view of the environment: to see the world as others see it. Emotive words like harsh and benign, even relativities such as hot and cold, should be used by ecologists only with care.
*benign: 온화한 **salinity: 염도
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Human processes differ from rational processes in their outcome. A process is rational if it always does the right thing based on the current information, given an ideal performance measure. In short, rational processes go by the book and assume that the book is actually correct. Human processes involve instinct, intuition, and other variables that don't necessarily reflect the book and may not even consider the existing data. As an example, the rational way to drive a car is to always follow the laws. However, traffic isn't rational; if you follow the laws precisely, you end up stuck somewhere because other drivers aren't following the laws precisely. To be successful, a self-driving car must therefore act humanly, rather than rationally.
The most noticeable human characteristic projected onto animals is that they can talk in human language. Physically, animal cartoon characters and toys made after animals are also most often deformed in such a way as to resemble humans. This is achieved by showing them with humanlike facial features and deformed front legs to resemble human hands. In more recent animated movies the trend has been to show the animals in a more “natural” way. However, they still use their front legs like human hands (for example, lions can pick up and lift small objects with one paw), and they still talk with an appropriate facial expression. A general strategy that is used to make the animal characters more emotionally appealing, both to children and adults, is to give them enlarged and deformed childlike features.
*deform: 변형하다 **paw: (동물의) 발
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?
The major philosophical shift in the idea of selling came when industrial societies became more affluent, more competitive, and more geographically spread out during the 1940s and 1950s. This forced business to develop closer relations with buyers and clients, which in turn made business realize that it was not enough to produce a quality product at a reasonable price. In fact, it was equally essential to deliver products that customers actually wanted. Henry Ford produced his best-selling T-model Ford in one color only (black) in 1908, but in modern societies this was no longer possible. The modernization of society led to a marketing revolution that destroyed the view that production would create its own demand. Customers, and the desire to meet their diverse and often complex needs, became the focus of business.
*affluent: 부유한
31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
People differ in how quickly they can reset their biological clocks to overcome jet lag, and the speed of recovery depends on the direction of travel. Generally, it's easier to fly westward and lengthen your day than it is to fly eastward and shorten it. This east-west difference in jet lag is sizable enough to have an impact on the performance of sports teams. Studies have found that teams flying westward perform significantly better than teams flying eastward in professional baseball and college football. A more recent study of more than 46,000 Major League Baseball games found additional evidence that eastward travel is tougher than westward travel.
*jet lag: 시차로 인한 피로감
32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
If you want the confidence that comes from achieving what you set out to do each day, then it's important to understand how long things are going to take. Over-optimism about what can be achieved within a certain time frame is a problem. So work on it. Make a practice of estimating the amount of time needed alongside items on your ‘things to do’ list, and learn by experience when tasks take a greater or lesser time than expected. Give attention also to fitting the task to the available time. There are some tasks that you can only set about if you have a significant amount of time available. There is no point in trying to gear up for such a task when you only have a short period available. So schedule the time you need for the longer tasks and put the short tasks into the spare moments in between.
*gear up: 준비를 갖추다, 대비하다
33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
In Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, the Red Queen takes Alice on a race through the countryside. They run and they run, but then Alice discovers that they're still under the same tree that they started from. The Red Queen explains to Alice: “here, you see, it takes all the running you can do, to keep in the same place.” Biologists sometimes use this Red Queen Effect to explain an evolutionary principle. If foxes evolve to run faster so they can catch more rabbits, then only the fastest rabbits will live long enough to make a new generation of bunnies that run even faster ― in which case, of course, only the fastest foxes will catch enough rabbits to thrive and pass on their genes. Even though they might run, the two species just stay in place.
*thrive: 번성하다
34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Everything in the world around us was finished in the mind of its creator before it was started. The houses we live in, the cars we drive, and our clothing ― all of these began with an idea. Each idea was then studied, refined and perfected before the first nail was driven or the first piece of cloth was cut. Long before the idea was turned into a physical reality, the mind had clearly pictured the finished product. The human being designs his or her own future through much the same process. We begin with an idea about how the future will be. Over a period of time we refine and perfect the vision. Before long, our every thought, decision and activity are all working in harmony to bring into existence what we have mentally concluded about the future.
*refine: 다듬다
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Whose story it is affects what the story is. Change the main character, and the focus of the story must also change. If we look at the events through another character's eyes, we will interpret them differently. We'll place our sympathies with someone new. When the conflict arises that is the heart of the story, we will be praying for a different outcome. Consider, for example, how the tale of Cinderella would shift if told from the viewpoint of an evil stepsister. Gone with the Wind is Scarlett O'Hara's story, but what if we were shown the same events from the viewpoint of Rhett Butler or Melanie Wilkes?
The more people have to do unwanted things the more chances are that they create unpleasant environment for themselves and others. If you hate the thing you do but have to do it nonetheless, you have choice between hating the thing and accepting that it needs to be done. Either way you will do it. Doing it from place of hatred will develop hatred towards the self and others around you; doing it from the place of acceptance will create compassion towards the self and allow for opportunities to find a more suitable way of accomplishing the task. If you decide to accept the fact that your task has to be done, start from recognising that your situation is a gift from life; this will help you to see it as a lesson in acceptance.
21. 밑줄 친 helping move the needle forward가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Everyone's heard the expression don't let the perfect become the enemy of the good. If you want to get over an obstacle so that your idea can become the solution-based policy you've long dreamed of, you can't have an all-or-nothing mentality. You have to be willing to alter your idea and let others influence its outcome. You have to be okay with the outcome being a little different, even a little less, than you wanted. Say you're pushing for a clean water act. Even if what emerges isn't as well-funded as you wished, or doesn't match how you originally conceived the bill, you'll have still succeeded in ensuring that kids in troubled areas have access to clean water. That's what counts, that they will be safer because of your idea and your effort. Is it perfect? No. Is there more work to be done? Absolutely. But in almost every case, helping move the needle forward is vastly better than not helping at all.
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
Brands that fail to grow and develop lose their relevance. Think about the person you knew who was once on the fast track at your company, who is either no longer with the firm or, worse yet, appears to have hit a plateau in his or her career. Assuming he or she did not make an ambitious move, more often than not, this individual is a victim of having failed to stay relevant and embrace the advances in his or her industry. Think about the impact personal computing technology had on the first wave of executive leadership exposed to the technology. Those who embraced the technology were able to integrate it into their work styles and excel. Those who were resistant many times found few opportunities to advance their careers and in many cases were ultimately let go through early retirement for failure to stay relevant and update their skills.
*hit a plateau: 정체기에 들다
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
What consequences of eating too many grapes and other sweet fruit could there possibly be for our brains? A few large studies have helped to shed some light. In one, higher fruit intake in older, cognitively healthy adults was linked with less volume in the hippocampus. This finding was unusual, since people who eat more fruit usually display the benefits associated with a healthy diet. In this study, however, the researchers isolated various components of the subjects' diets and found that fruit didn't seem to be doing their memory centers any favors. Another study from the Mayo Clinic saw a similar inverse relationship between fruit intake and volume of the cortex, the large outer layer of the brain. Researchers in the latter study noted that excessive consumption of high-sugar fruit (such as mangoes, bananas, and pineapples) may cause metabolic and cognitive problems as much as processed carbs do.
*hippocampus: (대뇌 측두엽의) 해마 **carb: 탄수화물 식품
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Winning turns on a self-conscious awareness that others are watching. It's a lot easier to move under the radar when no one knows you and no one is paying attention. You can mess up and be rough and get dirty because no one even knows you're there. But as soon as you start to win, and others start to notice, you're suddenly aware that you're being observed. You're being judged. You worry that others will discover your flaws and weaknesses, and you start hiding your true personality, so you can be a good role model and good citizen and a leader that others can respect. There is nothing wrong with that. But if you do it at the expense of being who you really are, making decisions that please others instead of pleasing yourself, you're not going to be in that position very long. When you start apologizing for who you are, you stop growing and you stop winning. Permanently.
[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Creative people aren't all cut from the same cloth. They have varying levels of maturity and sensitivity. They have different approaches to work. And they're each motivated by different things. Managing people is about being aware of their unique personalities. It's also about empathy and adaptability, and knowing how the things you do and say will be interpreted and adapting accordingly. Who you are and what you say may not be the same from one person to the next. For instance, if you're asking someone to work a second weekend in a row, or telling them they aren't getting that deserved promotion just yet, you need to bear in mind the individual. Vincent will have a very different reaction to the news than Emily, and they will each be more receptive to the news if it's bundled with different things. Perhaps that promotion news will land easier if Vincent is given a few extra vacation days for the holidays, while you can promise Emily a bigger promotion a year from now. Consider each person's complex positive and negative personality traits, their life circumstances, and their mindset in the moment when deciding what to say and how to say it. Personal connection, compassion, and an individualized management style are key to drawing consistent, rock star-level work out of everyone.
It is difficult for any of us to maintain a constant level of attention throughout our working day. We all have body rhythms characterised by peaks and valleys of energy and alertness. You will achieve more, and feel confident as a benefit, if you schedule your most demanding tasks at times when you are best able to cope with them. If you haven't thought about energy peaks before, take a few days to observe yourself. Try to note the times when you are at your best. We are all different. For some, the peak will come first thing in the morning, but for others it may take a while to warm up.
*alertness: 기민함
21. 밑줄 친 The divorce of the hands from the head가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
If we adopt technology, we need to pay its costs. Thousands of traditional livelihoods have been pushed aside by progress, and the lifestyles around those jobs removed. Hundreds of millions of humans today work at jobs they hate, producing things they have no love for. Sometimes these jobs cause physical pain, disability, or chronic disease. Technology creates many new jobs that are certainly dangerous. At the same time, mass education and media train humans to avoid low-tech physical work, to seek jobs working in the digital world. The divorce of the hands from the head puts a stress on the human mind. Indeed, the sedentary nature of the best-paying jobs is a health risk ― for body and mind.
*chronic: 만성의 **sedentary: 주로 앉아서 하는
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
When students are starting their college life, they may approach every course, test, or learning task the same way, using what we like to call “the rubber-stamp approach.” Think about it this way: Would you wear a tuxedo to a baseball game? A colorful dress to a funeral? A bathing suit to religious services? Probably not. You know there's appropriate dress for different occasions and settings. Skillful learners know that “putting on the same clothes” won't work for every class. They are flexible learners. They have different strategies and know when to use them. They know that you study for multiple-choice tests differently than you study for essay tests. And they not only know what to do, but they also know how to do it.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
As the social and economic situation of countries got better, wage levels and working conditions improved. Gradually people were given more time off. At the same time, forms of transport improved and it became faster and cheaper to get to places. England's industrial revolution led to many of these changes. Railways, in the nineteenth century, opened up now famous seaside resorts such as Blackpool and Brighton. With the railways came many large hotels. In Canada, for example, the new coast-to-coast railway system made possible the building of such famous hotels as Banff Springs and Chateau Lake Louise in the Rockies. Later, the arrival of air transport opened up more of the world and led to tourism growth.
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Success can lead you off your intended path and into a comfortable rut. If you are good at something and are well rewarded for doing it, you may want to keep doing it even if you stop enjoying it. The danger is that one day you look around and realize you're so deep in this comfortable rut that you can no longer see the sun or breathe fresh air; the sides of the rut have become so slippery that it would take a superhuman effort to climb out; and, effectively, you're stuck. And it's a situation that many working people worry they're in now. The poor employment market has left them feeling locked in what may be a secure, or even well-paying ― but ultimately unsatisfying ― job.
*rut: 틀에 박힌 생활
[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Chess masters shown a chess board in the middle of a game for 5 seconds with 20 to 30 pieces still in play can immediately reproduce the position of the pieces from memory. Beginners, of course, are able to place only a few. Now take the same pieces and place them on the board randomly and the difference is much reduced. The expert's advantage is only for familiar patterns ― those previously stored in memory. Faced with unfamiliar patterns, even when it involves the same familiar domain, the expert's advantage disappears.
The beneficial effects of familiar structure on memory have been observed for many types of expertise, including music. People with musical training can reproduce short sequences of musical notation more accurately than those with no musical training when notes follow conventional sequences, but the advantage is much reduced when the notes are ordered randomly. Expertise also improves memory for sequences of movements. Experienced ballet dancers are able to repeat longer sequences of steps than less experienced dancers, and they can repeat a sequence of steps making up a routine better than steps ordered randomly. In each case, memory range is increased by the ability to recognize familiar sequences and patterns.
*expertise: 전문 지식 **sequence: 연속, 순서 *** musical notation: 악보
I am a resident of the Blue Sky Apartment. Recently I observed that the kid zone is in need of repairs. I want you to pay attention to the poor condition of the playground equipment in the zone. The swings are damaged, the paint is falling off, and some of the bolts on the slide are missing. The facilities have been in this terrible condition since we moved here. They are dangerous to the children playing there. Would you please have them repaired? I would appreciate your immediate attention to solve this matter.
Yours sincerely, Nina Davis
놀이터 시설 수리 요청
관계자분께
저는 Blue Sky 아파트의 거주자입니다. 최근에 저는 아이들을 위한 구역이 수리가 필요하다는 것을 알게 되었습니다. 저는 귀하께서 그 구역 놀이터 설비의 열악한 상태에 관심을 기울여 주시기를 바랍니다. 그네가 손상되었고, 페인트가 떨어져 나가고 있고, 미끄럼틀의 볼트 몇 개가 빠져 있습니다. (놀이터) 시설은 우리가 이곳으로 이사 온 이후로 이렇게 형편없는 상태였습니다. 그것은 거기서 노는 아이들에게 위험합니다. 그것을 수리해 주시겠습니까? 이 문제를 해결하기 위해 즉각적인 관심을 두시면 감사하겠습니다.
Nina Davis 드림
19. 다음 글에 드러난 ‘I’의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
On a two-week trip in the Rocky Mountains, I saw a grizzly bear in its native habitat. At first, I felt joy as I watched the bear walk across the land. He stopped every once in a while to turn his head about, sniffing deeply. He was following the scent of something, and slowly I began to realize that this giant animal was smelling me! I froze. This was no longer a wonderful experience; it was now an issue of survival. The bear's motivation was to find meat to eat, and I was clearly on his menu.
*scent: 냄새
로키산맥 여행 중 발견한 회색곰
로키산맥에서 2주간의 여행 중, 나는 자연 서식지에서 회색곰 한 마리를 보았다. 처음에 나는 그 곰이 땅을 가로질러 걸어가는 모습을 보았을 때 기분이 좋았다. 그것은 이따금 멈춰 서서 고개를 돌려 깊게 코를 킁킁거렸다. 그것은 무언가의 냄새를 따라가고 있었고, 나는 서서히 거대한 이 동물이 내 냄새를 맡고 있다는 것을 깨닫기 시작했다! 나는 얼어붙었다. 이것은 더는 멋진 경험이 아니었고, 이제 생존의 문제였다. 그 곰의 동기는 먹을 고기를 찾는 것이었고, 나는 분명히 그의 메뉴에 올라 있었다.
[43-45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A)
Once upon a time, there was a king who lived in a beautiful palace. While the king was away, a monster approached the gates of the palace. The monster was so ugly and smelly that the guards froze in shock. He passed the guards and sat on the king's throne. The guards soon came to their senses, went in, and shouted at the monster, demanding that he get off the throne.
*throne: 왕좌
(D)
With each bad word the guards used, the monster grew more ugly and smelly. The guards got even angrier ― they began to brandish their swords to scare the monster away from the palace. But he just grew bigger and bigger, eventually taking up the whole room. He grew more ugly and smelly than ever.
*brandish: 휘두르다
(B)
Eventually the king returned. He was wise and kind and saw what was happening. He knew what to do. He smiled and said to the monster, “Welcome to my palace!” He asked the monster if he wanted a cup of coffee. The monster began to grow smaller as he drank the coffee.
(C)
The king offered him some take-out pizza and fries. The guards immediately called for pizza. The monster continued to get smaller with the king's kind gestures. He then offered the monster a full body massage. As the guards helped with the relaxing massage, the monster became tiny. With another act of kindness to the monster, he just disappeared.
지혜로 괴물을 대우한 왕
(A)
옛날 옛적에, 아름다운 궁전에 사는 한 왕이 있었다. 왕이 없는 동안, 한 괴물이 궁전 문으로 접근했다. 그 괴물이 너무 추하고 냄새가 나서 경비병들은 충격으로 얼어붙었다. 그(괴물)는 경비병들을 지나 왕의 왕좌에 앉았다. 경비병들은 곧 정신을 차리고 안으로 들어가 그 괴물을 향해 소리치며 그에게 왕좌에서 내려올 것을 요구했다.
(D)
경비병들이 나쁜 말을 사용할 때마다, 그 괴물은 더 추해졌고, 더 냄새가 났다. 경비병들은 한충 더 화가 났다. 그들은 그 괴물을 겁주어 궁전에서 쫓아내려고 칼을 휘두르기 시작했다. 하지만 그는 그저 점점 더 커져서 결국 방 전체를 차지했다. 그는 그 어느 때보다 더 추해졌고, 더 냄새가 났다.
(B)
마침내 왕이 돌아왔다. 그는 현명하고 친절했으며 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 알아차렸다. 그는 무엇을 해야 할지 알았다. 그는 미소를 지으며 그 괴물에게 “나의 궁전에 온 것을 환영하오!”라고 말했다. 왕은 그 괴물에게 그가 커피 한 잔을 원하는지 물었다. 괴물은 그 커피를 마시면서 더 작아지기 시작했다.
(C)
왕은 그에게 약간의 테이크아웃 피자와 감자튀김을 제안했다. 경비병들은 즉시 피자를 시켰다. 그 괴물은 왕의 친절한 행동에 몸이 계속 더 작아졌다. 그러고 나서 그는 그 괴물에게 전신 마사지를 제안했다. 경비병들이 편안한 마사지를 도와주자 그 괴물은 매우 작아졌다. 그 괴물에게 또 한 번의 친절한 행동을 베풀자, 그는 바로 사라졌다.
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
It was a pleasure meeting you at your gallery last week. I appreciate your effort to select and exhibit diverse artwork. As I mentioned, I greatly admire Robert D. Parker's paintings, which emphasize the beauty of nature. Over the past few days, I have been researching and learning about Robert D. Parker's online viewing room through your gallery's website. I'm especially interested in purchasing the painting that depicts the horizon, titled Sunrise. I would like to know if the piece is still available for purchase. It would be a great pleasure to house this wonderful piece of art. I look forward to your reply to this inquiry.
미술품 구매 가능 여부 문의
지난주에 귀하의 화랑에서 만나서 즐거웠습니다. 다양한 미술 작품을 선정하고 전시한 귀하의 노력에 감사드립니다. 제가 말씀드렸듯이, 저는 Robert D. Parker의 그림을 대단히 좋아하는데, 그의 그림은 자연의 아름다움을 강조합니다. 지난 며칠 동안, 저는 귀하의 화랑 웹사이트를 통해 Robert D. Parker의 온라인 전시 공간에 관해 조사하고 알아보았습니다. 저는 ‘Sunrise’라는 제목이 붙은, 지평선을 묘사한 그림을 구매하는 것에 특히 관심이 있습니다. 저는 그 작품을 여전히 구매할 수 있는지를 알고 싶습니다. 이 훌륭한 미술 작품을 소장할 수 있다면 큰 기쁨이 될 것입니다. 이 문의에 대한 귀하의 답변을 손꼽아 기다립니다.
19. 다음 글에 드러난 Isabel의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
On opening day, Isabel arrives at the cafe very early with nervous anticipation. She looks around the cafe, but she can't shake off the feeling that something is missing. As she sets out cups, spoons, and plates, Isabel's doubts grow. She looks around, trying to imagine what else she could do to make the cafe perfect, but nothing comes to mind. Then, in a sudden burst of inspiration, Isabel grabs her paintbrush and transforms the blank walls into landscapes, adding flowers and trees. As she paints, her doubts begin to fade. Looking at her handiwork, which is beautifully done, she is certain that the cafe will be a success. ‘Now, success is not exactly guaranteed,’ she thinks to herself, ‘but I'll definitely get there.’
카페 개업일에 겪은 Isabel의 심경
개업식날, Isabel은 초조한 기대감을 품고 카페에 매우 일찍 도착한다. 그녀는 카페를 둘러보지만, 무엇인가 빠졌다는 느낌을 떨쳐 낼 수 없다. 컵과 숟가락, 접시를 차려 놓으며 Isabel의 의심은 커진다. 그녀는 카페를 완벽하게 만들기 위해 자신이 무엇을 더 할 수 있을지를 상상하기 위해 애쓰면서 주변을 둘러보지만, 아무것도 머릿속에 떠오르지 않는다. 그때, 갑작스러운 영감의 폭발과 함께, Isabel은 그녀의 붓을 쥐고 꽃과 나무를 더해서 텅 빈 벽을 풍경화로 변화시킨다. 그림을 그리면서, 그녀의 불안도 서서히 사라지기 시작한다. 아름답게 완성된 그녀의 작품을 보며, 그녀는 카페가 성공하리라고 확신한다. ‘자, 성공이 확실히 보장되지는 않았지만, 나는 분명 그곳에 도달할거야.’라고 스스로 생각한다.
[43-45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A)
It was a hot day in early fall. Wylder was heading to the school field for his first training. He had just joined the team with five other students after a successful tryout. Approaching the field, he saw players getting ready, pulling up their socks and strapping on shin guards. But they weren't together. New players were sitting in the shade by the garage, while the others were standing in the sun by the right pole. Then Coach McGraw came and watched the players.
*shin: 정강이
(D)
Coach McGraw, too, saw the pattern ― new kids and others grouping separately. ‘This has to change,’ he thought. He wanted a winning team. To do that, he needed to build relationships. “I want you guys to come over here in the middle and sit,” he called the players as he walked over. “You!” McGraw roared, pointing at Wylder. “Come here onto the field and sit. And Jonny! You sit over there!” He started pointing, making sure they mixed together. Wylder realized what Coach was trying to do, so he hopped onto the field.
(C)
McGraw continued to point, calling each player out, until he was satisfied with the rearrangement. “Okay, this is how it's going to be,” he began. “We need to learn how to trust and work with each other. This is how a team plays. This is how I want you to be on and off the field: together.” The players looked at each other. Almost immediately, McGraw noticed a change in their postures and faces. He saw some of them starting to smile.
(B)
‘Wow,’ thought Wylder. From his new location on the grass, he stretched out his legs. He liked what he was hearing. A new sense of team spirit came across him, a deeper sense of connection. It was encouraging to hear Coach talk about this, to see him face the challenge head-on. Now his speech was over. The players got up and started walking on the field to warm up. “Good job, Coach. That was good,” Wylder said to McGraw in a low voice as he walked past him, keeping his eyes down out of respect.
McGraw 코치의 리더쉽
(A)
초가을의 더운 날이었다. Wylder는 첫 번째 훈련을 하러 학교 운동장으로 향하고 있었다. 그는 성공적인 적격 시험 후 다섯 명의 다른 학생과 함께 팀에 막 합류했다. 운동장에 다가가면서, 그는 선수들이 양말을 당겨 올리고 정강이 보호대를 착용하면서 준비하는 것을 보았다. 그러나 그들은 함께가 아니었다. 새 선수들은 차고 옆의 그늘에 앉아 있었고 반면에 다른 선수들은 오른편 골대 옆의 양지에 서 있었다. 그런 다음 McGraw 코치가 도착해서 선수들을 보았다.
(D)
McGraw 코치도 새로운 아이들과 다른 아이들이 따로 떨어져서 무리를 짓고 있는 패턴을 보았다. 그는 ‘이건 바꿔야겠군.’이라고 생각했다. 그는 승리하는 팀을 원했다. 그렇게 하려면, 그는 관계를 형성해야 했다. 그는 걸어가면서 “너희들이 여기 중앙에 와서 앉기를 바란다.”라며 선수들을 불렀다. McGraw는 “너!”라고 소리치며 Wylder를 가리켰다. “여기 와서 앉아라. 그리고 Jonny! 너 저기 앉아라!” 그는 가리키기 시작했고, 그들이 반드시 서로 섞이도록 했다. Wylder는 코치가 무엇을 하려는지 알아차렸고, 그래서 그는 운동장 안으로 뛰어 들어갔다.
(C)
재배열이 마음에 들 때까지 McGraw는 각 선수를 불러내면서 계속 가리켰다. 그는 “자, 이렇게 되어갈 거다. 우리는 서로 신뢰하고 함께 경기하는 방식을 배울 필요가 있어. 이게 팀이 경기하는 방식이야. 이게 내가 경기장 안과 밖에서 너희들에게 바라는 거야. 함께하는 것이지.”라고 말했다. 선수들은 서로 쳐다보았다. 거의 즉시, McGraw는 그들의 자세와 얼굴의 변화를 알아차렸다. 그는 그들 중 몇 명이 미소를 짓기 시작한 것을 보았다.
(B)
‘와,’ Wylder는 생각했다. 잔디 위에 있는 그의 새로운 자리에서, 그는 다리를 쭉 폈다. 그는 듣고 있는 말이 마음에 들었다. 그는 새로운 공동체 정신의 감각, 더 깊은 연대감을 느꼈다. 코치가 이것에 관해 말하는 것을 듣고 그가 그 도전에 정면으로 맞서는 것을 보는 것은 격려가 되었다. 이제 그의 연설이 끝났다. 선수들은 일어서서 워밍업하기 위해 운동장을 걸어 다니기 시작했다. 존경의 마음을 담아 그의 시선을 낮추고 그를 지나쳐 걸어가면서, Wylder는 McGraw에게 “잘하셨습니다, 코치님. 좋았습니다.”라고 낮은 목소리로 말했다.
※본 자료는 내신 대비 자료로 본문의 흐름을 정확히 익히고 있는지에 초점을 두어 제작되었으므로 평가원에서 구성하는 순서,삽입의 메커니즘으로 이루어져 있지 않은,즉 개연성이 없는 문항이 있을 수 있습니다.
36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
The right to be forgotten is a right distinct from but related to a right to privacy. The right to privacy is, among other things, the right for information traditionally regarded as protected or personal not to be revealed. The right to be forgotten, in contrast, can be applied to information that has been in the public domain. The right to be forgotten broadly includes the right of an individual not to be forever defined by information from a specific point in time. One motivation for such a right is to allow individuals to move on with their lives and not be defined by a specific event or period in their lives. For example, it has long been recognized in some countries, such as the UK and France, that even past criminal convictions should eventually be “spent” and not continue to affect a person's life. Despite the reason for supporting the right to be forgotten, the right to be forgotten can sometimes come into conflict with other rights. For example, formal exceptions are sometimes made for security or public health reasons.
잊힐 권리
잊힐 권리는 사생활 권리와 구별되지만 관련이 있는 권리이다. 사생활 권리는 무엇보다도 전통적으로 보호되거나 공개되지 않아야 할 개인적인 것으로 여겨지는 정보에 대한 권리이다. 반면에 잊힐 권리는 공공의 영역에 있었던 정보에 적용될 수 있다. 잊힐 권리는 특정 시점의 정보에 의해 영원히 정의되지 않아야 할 개인의 권리를 광범위하게 포함한다. 그러한 권리의 한 가지 이유는 개인이 자신의 삶을 영위할 수 있게 해 주고 자신의 삶의 특정한 사건이나 기간에 의해 정의되지 않도록 해 주는 것이다. 예를 들어, 영국과 프랑스와 같은 일부 국가에서는 과거의 범죄 유죄 판결조차도 결국 ‘소모되어야’ 하고 한 사람의 삶에 계속 영향을 미치지 않아야 한다고 오랫동안 인식되어왔다. 잊힐 권리를 지지하는 그러한 이유에도 불구하고 잊힐 권리는 다른 권리와 때때로 충돌할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 공식적인 예외가 안보와 공공 보건의 이유로 인해 때때로 만들어진다.
37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
To an economist who succeeds in figuring out a persons preference structure ― understanding whether the satisfaction gained from consuming one good is greater than that of another ― explaining behavior in terms of changes in underlying likes and dislikes is usually highly problematic. To argue, for instance, that the baby boom and then the baby bust resulted from an increase and then a decrease in the public's inherent taste for children, rather than a change in relative prices against a background of stable preferences, places a social scientist in an unsound position. In economics, such an argument about birth rates would be equivalent to saying that a rise and fall in mortality could be attributed to an increase in the inherent desire change for death. For an economist, changes in income and prices, rather than changes in tastes, affect birth rates. When income rises, for example, people want more children (or, as you will see later, more satisfaction derived from children), even if their inherent desire for children stays the same.
소비의 변화를 단순히 호불호의 변화로 인식해서는 안 된다
한 사람의 선호도 구조를 알아내는 것, 즉 한 상품을 소비함으로써 얻는 만족도가 또 다른 상품을 소비함으로써 얻는 만족도보다 더 큰지를 이해하는 것에 성공한 경제학자에게는 행동을 기저에 있는 호불호의 변화의 관점에서 설명하는 것은 일반적으로 매우 문제가 많다. 예를 들어, 베이비 붐과 그 후의 출산율의 급락이 변동이 없는 선호도를 배경으로 한 상대적 비용의 변화보다는 아이에 대한 대중의 내재적인 기호의 증가와 그 후의 감소에서 비롯되었다고 주장하는 것은 사회 과학자를 불안정한 입지에 놓는다. 경제학에서 출생률에 대한 그러한 주장은 사망률의 상승과 하락이 죽음에 대한 내재적 욕구 변화의 증가에 기인한다고 말하는 것과 같다. 경제학자에게는 기호의 변화보다는 소득과 물가의 변화가 출산율에 영향을 미친다. 예를 들어, 소득이 증가할 때 사람들은 자녀에 대한 자신의 내재적 욕구가 그대로 유지되더라도 더 많은 자녀(또는 여러분이 나중에 알게 되겠지만, 아이로부터 오는 더 큰 만족감)를 원한다.
38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
In the natural world, if an animal consumes a plant with enough antinutrients to make it feel unwell, it won't eat that plant again. Intuitively, animals also know to stay away from these plants. Years of evolution and information being passed down created this innate intelligence. This “intuition,” though, is not just seen in animals. Have you ever wondered why most children hate vegetables? Dr. Steven Gundry justifies this as part of our genetic programming, our inner intelligence. Since many vegetables are full of antinutrients, your body tries to keep you away from them while you are still fragile and in development. It does this by making your taste buds perceive these flavors as bad and even disgusting. As you grow and your body becomes stronger enough to tolerate these antinutrients, suddenly they no longer taste as bad as before.
*taste bud 미뢰(味蕾)
진화적으로 섭취를 꺼리게 만드는 야채 속 항영양소
자연계에서 만약 동물이 자신의 상태를 안 좋게 하기에 충분한 항영양소가 있는 식물을 섭취하면 그 동물은 그 식물을 다시는 먹지 않을 것이다. 직관적으로 동물은 또한 이러한 식물을 멀리할 줄 안다. 오랜 시간의 진화와 전해 내려오는 정보는 이 타고난 지능을 만들어 냈다. 그러나 이 ‘직관’은 동물에게서만 보이는 것은 아니다. 여러분은 대부분의 아이들이 왜 야채를 싫어하는지 궁금해 한 적이 있는가? Dr. Steven Gundry는 이것을 우리의 유전적 프로그래밍, 즉 우리의 내적 지능의 일부로 정당화한다. 많은 야채들이 항영양소로 가득 차 있기 때문에 여러분이 아직 연약하고 성장 중에 있을 때 여러분의 몸은 여러분을 그것들로부터 멀리하게 하려고 노력한다. 그것은 여러분의 미뢰(味蕾)로 하여금 이러한 맛을 나쁘고 심지어 역겨운 것으로 인식하게 만듦으로써 이를 수행한다. 여러분이 성장하고 여러분의 신체가 이러한 항영양소를 견딜 만큼 충분히 더 강해지면 갑자기 그것들은 더 이상 이전만큼 맛이 나쁘게 느껴지지 않는다.
39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
The difference in the Moon's gravitational pull on different parts of our planet effectively creates a “stretching force.” It makes our planet slightly stretched out along the line of sight to the Moon and slightly compressed along a line perpendicular to that. The tidal stretching caused by the Moon's gravity affects our entire planet, including both land and water, inside and out. However, the rigidity of rock means that land rises and falls with the tides by a much smaller amount than water, which is why we notice only the ocean tides. The stretching also explains why there are generally two high tides (and two low tides) in the ocean each day. Because Earth is stretched much like a rubber band, the oceans bulge out both on the side facing toward the Moon and on the side facing away from the Moon. As Earth rotates, we are carried through both of these tidal bulges each day, so we have high tide when we are in each of the two bulges and low tide at the midpoints in between.
*rigidity 단단함 **perpendicular 직각을 이루는 ***bulge 팽창하다
간조와 만조가 발생하는 이유
우리 행성의 서로 다른 부분들에 대한 달 중력의 차이는 효과적으로 ‘잡아 늘리는 힘’을 만든다. 그것은 우리 행성을 달을 보는 방향으로 약간 늘어나게 하고 그것에 직각을 이루는 선을 따라 약간 눌리게 된다. 달의 중력에 의해 발생되는 조수의 늘어남은 땅과 물을 포함한 우리의 전체 행성에 안팎으로 영향을 미친다. 하지만 암석의 단단함은 땅이 물보다는 훨씬 적은 양만큼 조수와 함께 오르락내리락 한다는 것을 의미하며, 이것이 우리가 오직 바다의 조수만을 알아차리는 이유이다. 그 늘어남은 또한 왜 일반적으로 매일 바다에서 ‘두 번의’ 만조(그리고 두 번의 간조)가 발생하는지 설명한다. 지구가 고무줄처럼 늘어나기 때문에, 바다는 달을 향하는 쪽과 달에서 멀어지는 쪽 모두에서 팽창해 나간다. 지구가 자전함에 따라 우리는 매일 이 두 개의 조수 팽창부를 통과하게 되어서 우리가 각각 두 개의 팽창부에 있을 때 만조를 겪고 그 사이의 중간 지점에 있을 때 간조를 겪는다.
※ 본 자료는 내신 대비 자료로 본문의 흐름을 정확히 익히고 있는지에 초점을 두어 제작되었으므로 평가원에서 구성하는 순서, 삽입의 메커니즘으로 이루어져 있지 않은, 즉 개연성이 없는 문항이 있을 수 있습니다.
Things are changing. It has been reported that 42 percent of jobs in Canada are at risk, and 62 percent of jobs in America will be in danger due to advances in automation. You might say that the numbers seem a bit unrealistic, but the threat is real. One fast food franchise has a robot that can flip a burger in ten seconds. It is just a simple task but the robot could replace an entire crew. Highly skilled jobs are also at risk. A supercomputer, for instance, can suggest available treatments for specific illnesses in an automated way, drawing on the body of medical research and data on diseases. However, what's difficult to automate is the ability to creatively solve problems. Whereas workers in “doing” roles can be replaced by robots, the role of creatively solving problems is more dependent on an irreplaceable individual.
창의적 문제 해결:자동화 기계가 인간을 대체하기 어려운 영역
상황이 변화하고 있다. 캐나다의 일자리 중 42퍼센트가 위기에 처해 있고, 미국의 일자리 중 62퍼센트가 자동화의 발전으로 인해 위기에 처할 것이라고 보도되어 왔다. 여러분은 그 숫자들이 약간 비현실적으로 보인다고 말할지 모르지만, 그 위협은 현실이다. 한 패스트푸드 체인점은 10초 안에 버거 하나를 뒤집을 수 있다. 그것은 단지 단순한 일일 뿐이지만 그 로봇은 전체 직원을 대체할 수도 있다. 고도로 숙련된 직업들 또한 위기에 처해 있다. 예를 들면, 슈퍼컴퓨터는 질병에 대한 방대한 양의 의학 연구와 데이터를 이용하여 특정한 질병들에 대해 이용 가능한 치료법을 자동화된 방식으로 제안할 수 있다. 하지만, 자동화하기 어려운 것은 창의적으로 문제들을 해결하는 능력이다. ‘(기계적인 일을) 하는’ 역할의 노동자들은 로봇들에 의해 대체될 수 있는 반면에, 창의적으로 문제를 해결하는 역할은 대체 불가능한 개인에 더 의존한다.
Each beech tree grows in a particular location and soil conditions can vary greatly in just a few yards. The soil can have a great deal of water or almost no water. It can be full of nutrients or not. Accordingly, each tree grows more quickly or more slowly and produces more or less sugar, and thus you would expect every tree to be photosynthesizing at a different rate. However, the rate is the same. Whether they are thick or thin, all the trees of the same species are using light to produce the same amount of sugar per leaf. Some trees have plenty of sugar and some have less, but the trees equalize this difference between them by transferring sugar. This is taking place underground through the roots. Whoever has an abundance of sugar hands some over; whoever is running short gets help. Their network acts as a system to make sure that no trees fall too far behind.
*photosynthesize 광합성하다
뿌리를 통해 서로 영양분을 공유하는 너도밤나무
각각의 너도밤나무는 고유한 장소에서 자라고 토양의 조건들은 단 몇 야드 안에서도 크게 달라질 수 있다. 토양은 다량의 물을 가지거나 거의 물이 없을 수도 있다. 그것은 영양분이 가득할 수도 아닐 수도 있다. 이에 따라, 각 나무는 더 빨리 혹은 더 느리게 자라고 더 많은 혹은 더 적은 당분을 생산하는데, 그래서 여러분은 모든 나무가 다른 정도로 광합성을 할 것이라고 기대할 것이다. 그러나 그 정도는 동일하다. 그들이 굵든 가늘든 간에, 같은 종의 모든 나무들은 빛을 사용하여 이파리당 같은 양의 당을 생산한다. 어떤 나무들은 충분한 당을 지니고 어떤 것들은 더 적게 지니지만, 나무들은 당을 전달함으로써 그들 사이의 이 차이를 균등하게 한다. 이것은 뿌리들을 통해 지하에서 일어나고 있다. 풍부한 당을 가진 나무가 누구든 간에 일부를 건네주고, 부족해지는 나무는 누구든 간에 도움을 받는다. 그들의 연결망은 그 어떤 나무도 너무 뒤처지지 않는 것을 확실히 하기 위한 시스템으로서 역할을 한다.
Should we use language to understand mind or mind to understand language? Analytic philosophy historically assumes that language is basic and that mind would make sense if proper use of language was appreciated. Modern cognitive science, however, rightly judges that language is just one aspect of mind of great importance in human beings but not fundamental to all kinds of thinking. Countless species of animals manage to navigate the world, solve problems, and learn without using language, through brain mechanisms that are largely preserved in the minds of humans. There is no reason to assume that language is fundamental to mental operations. Nevertheless, language is enormously important in human life and contributes largely to our ability to cooperate with each other in dealing with the world. Our species homo sapiens has been astonishingly successful, which depended in part on language, first as an effective contributor to collaborative problem solving and much later, as collective memory through written records.
*appreciate (제대로) 인식하다
인간의 협력에 중추적 역할을 하는 언어
우리는 사고를 이해하기 위해 언어를 사용해야 하는가 아니면 언어를 이해하기 위해 사고를 사용해야 하는가? 분석 철학은 언어가 기본이고 적절한 언어 사용이 제대로 인식된다면 그 사고가 이치에 맞을 것이라고 역사적으로 가정한다. 그러나 현대 인지 과학은 언어가 인간에게 매우 중요한 사고의 한 측면일 뿐 모든 종류의 사고에 근본적이지는 않다고 당연히 판단한다. 수많은 종의 동물들이 인간의 사고 속에 대체로 보존된 두뇌의 메커니즘을 통해 언어를 사용하지 않고 세계를 항해하고, 문제를 해결하고, 학습해낸다. 언어가 정신 작용의 기본이라고 가정할 이유는 없다. 그럼에도 불구하고, 언어는 인간의 삶에서 매우 중요하며 세계를 다루는 데 있어서 서로 협력하는 우리의 능력에 상당히 기여한다. 우리 종족, ‘호모 사피엔스’는 놀라운 성공을 거두어 왔는데, 이것은 처음에는 협력적인 문제 해결에 효과적인 기여 요소로서, 그리고 훨씬 나중에는 글로 쓰인 기록을 통한 집단 기억으로서의 언어에 부분적으로 의존했다.
Take two glasses of water. Put a little bit of orange juice into one and a little bit of lemon juice into the other. What you have are essentially two glasses of water but with a completely different chemical makeup. If we take the glass containing orange juice and heat it, we will still have two different glasses of water with different chemical makeups, but now they will also have different temperatures. If we could magically remove the glasses, we would find the two water bodies would not mix well. Perhaps they would mix a little where they met; however, they would remain separate because of their different chemical makeups and temperatures. The warmer water would float on the surface of the cold water because of its lighter weight. In the ocean we have bodies of water that differ in temperature and salt content; for this reason, they do not mix.
다른 두 물질이 서로 잘 섞이지 않게 하는 요소:화학적 성분과 온도
물 두 잔을 가져와라. 하나의 잔에는 약간의 오렌지주스를 넣고 다른 잔에는 약간의 레몬주스를 넣어라. 여러분이 가지고 있는 것은 본질적으로 물 두 잔이지만 완전히 다른 화학적 성질을 지닌 것들이다. 만약 우리가 오렌지주스가 든 잔을 가져와 그것을 가열한다면, 우리는 여전히 다른 화학적 성질을 지닌 두 개의 다른 물잔을 가지고 있을 것이지만, 이제 그것들은 또한 다른 온도를 가질 것이다. 만약 우리가 마법처럼 그 유리잔들을 없앨 수 있다면, 우리는 두 액체가 잘 섞이지 않는다는 것을 알게 될 것이다. 어쩌면 그것들은 그것들이 만났던 곳에서 조금 섞일 것이다. 하지만, 그것들의 다른 화학적 성질과 온도 때문에 그것들은 분리된 상태로 남아 있을 것이다. 더 따뜻한 물은 그것의 더 가벼운 무게 때문에 찬물의 표면에 떠 있을 것이다. 바다에서 우리는 온도와 염분에서 다른 액체들을 가지고 있다. 이러한 이유로, 그것들은 섞이지 않는다.
Countershading is the process of optical flattening that provides camouflage to animals. When sunlight illuminates an object from above, the object will be brightest on top. The color of the object will gradually shade darker toward the bottom. This shading gives the object depth and allows the viewer to distinguish its shape. Thus even if an animal is exactly, but uniformly, the same color as the substrate, it will be easily visible when illuminated. Most animals, however, are darker above than they are below. When they are illuminated from above, the darker back is lightened and the lighter belly is shaded. The animal thus appears to be a single color and easily blends in with the substrate. This pattern of coloration, or countershading, destroys the visual impression of shape in the organism. It allows the animal to blend in with its background.
*camouflage 위장 **substrate 밑바탕, 기질(基質)
위장의 방법 중 하나인 카운터셰이딩
카운터셰이딩(명암역위형보호색)은 동물에게 위장을 제공하는 시각적으로 평평하게 하는 과정이다. 햇빛이 물체를 위에서 비출 때, 그 물체는 맨 위에서 가장 밝을 것이다. 물체의 색깔은 맨 아래로 향할수록 점차 더 어두운색으로 음영이 생기게 될 것이다. 이러한 음영은 물체에 농도를 주고 보는 사람이 그것의 모양을 식별하게 해 준다. 따라서 비록 동물이 밑바탕과 정확하지만 균일하게 같은 색일지라도 빛이 비춰질 때 쉽게 눈에 띌 것이다. 그러나 대부분의 동물은 아랫부분보다 윗부분이 더 어둡다. 그들이 위에서 빛을 받을 때, 더 어두운 등은 밝아지고 더 밝은 복부는 음영이 생긴다. 따라서 동물은 하나의 색처럼 보이고 밑바탕과 쉽게 섞인다. 이러한 형태의 배색 즉, 카운터셰이딩은 생물체의 모양의 시각적 인상을 파괴한다. 그것은 동물이 그것의 배경과 섞이게 해 준다.
31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
No learning is possible without an error signal. Organisms only learn when events violate their expectations. In other words, surprise is one of the fundamental drivers of learning. Imagine hearing a series of identical notes, AAAAA. Each note draws out a response in the auditory areas of your brain ― but as the notes repeat, those responses progressively decrease. This is called “adaptation,” a deceptively simple phenomenon that shows that your brain is learning to anticipate the next event. Suddenly, the note changes: AAAAA#. Your primary auditory cortex immediately shows a strong surprise reaction: not only does the adaptation fade away, but additional neurons begin to vigorously fire in response to the unexpected sound. And it is not just repetition that leads to adaptation: what matters is whether the notes are predictable. For instance, if you hear an alternating set of notes, such as ABABA, your brain gets used to this alternation, and the activity in your auditory areas again decreases. This time, however, it is an unexpected repetition, such as ABABB, that triggers a surprise response.
학습은 예측할 수 없을 때 발생한다
어떤 학습도 오류 신호 없이는 가능하지 않다. 유기체는 사건이 그들의 기대에 어긋날 때에만 학습한다. 다시 말해 놀람은 학습의 근본적인 동력 중 하나이다. 일련의 똑같은 음인 AAAAA를 듣는 것을 상상해 보아라. 각각의 음은 여러분의 뇌의 청각 영역에서 반응을 끌어내지만 음이 반복되면서 그 반응은 점진적으로 감소한다. 이것은 ‘적응’이라 불리며 당신의 뇌가 다음 사건을 예상하는 것을 배울 것임을 보여 주는 현혹될 정도로 단순해 보이는 현상이다. 갑자기 그 음이 AAAAA#으로 바뀐다. 당신의 일차 청각 피질은 즉시 강한 놀람의 반응을 보이는데, 즉 적응이 점차 사라질 뿐만 아니라 예상치 못한 소리에 대한 반응으로 추가적인 뉴런이 힘차게 활성화되기 시작한다. 그리고 적응을 유발하는 것은 단순한 반복이 아니라, 중요한 것은 그 음이 예측 가능한지이다. 예를 들어 만약 당신이 ABABA와 같이 한 세트의 교차하는 음을 듣는다면, 당신의 뇌는 이 교차에 익숙해지고, 당신의 청각 영역 내 활동은 다시 감소한다. 그러나 이번에는 놀람의 반응을 일으키는 것은 바로 ABABB와 같은 예상치 못한 반복이다.
32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
The connectedness of the global economic market makes it vulnerable to potential “infection.” A financial failure can make its way from borrowers to banks to insurers, spreading like a flu. However, there are unexpected characteristics when it comes to such infection in the market. Infection can occur even without any contact. A bank might become insolvent even without having any of its investments fail. Fear and uncertainty can be damaging to financial markets, just as cascading failures due to bad investments. If we all woke up tomorrow and believed that Bank X would be insolvent, then it would become insolvent. In fact, it would be enough for us to fear that others believed that Bank X was going to fail, or just to fear our collective fear! We might all even know that Bank X was well-managed with healthy investments, but if we expected others to pull their money out, then we would fear being the last to pull our money out. Financial distress can be self-fulfilling and is a particularly troublesome aspect of financial markets.
*insolvent 지급 불능의, 파산한 **cascading 연속된
두려움과 불확실성만으로도 영향을 받을 수 있는 경제 시장
전 세계 경제 시장의 연결성은 그것을 잠재적 ‘감염’에 취약하게 만든다. 금융상의 실패는 독감처럼 퍼지면서 채무자에서부터 은행, 보증인까지 나아갈 수 있다. 그러나 시장에서의 그러한 감염에 관한 예상치 못한 특징들이 있다. 감염이 심지어 어떤 접촉 없이도 일어날 수 있다. 은행은 어떠한 투자에 실패하지 않고도 지급 불능이 될 수 있다. 어떤 나쁜 투자들 때문에 일어나는 연속된 실패처럼 금융 시장에 두려움과 불확실성은 손해를 끼칠 수 있다. 만약 우리 모두가 내일 깨어나서 X은행이 지급 불능이 될 것이라고 믿는다면, 그것은 지급 불능이 될 것이다. 사실 우리가 다른 사람들이 X은행이 실패할 것이라고 믿고 있다는 것을 무서워하거나 단지 우리의 집단적인 두려움을 무서워하는 것으로 충분할 것이다. 우리 모두가 심지어 X은행이 건전한 투자로 잘 운영된다는 것을 알지라도 만약 우리가 다른 사람들이 그들의 돈을 인출해 갈 것이라고 예상한다면, 그러면 우리는 자신의 돈을 인출하는 마지막 사람이 되는 것을 무서워 할 것이다. 재정적인 고통은 자기충족적일 수 있고 금융 시장에서의 특별히 골치 아픈 측면이다.
33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Negative numbers are a lot more abstract than positive numbers ― you can't see negative 4 cookies and you certainly can't eat them ― but you can think about them, and you have to, in all aspects of daily life, from debts to contending with freezing temperatures and parking garages. Still, many of us haven't quite made peace with negative numbers. People have invented all sorts of funny little mental strategies to sidestep the dreaded negative sign. On mutual fund statements, losses (negative numbers) are printed in red or stuck in parentheses with no negative sign to be found. The history books tell us that Julius Caesar was born in 100 B.C., not -100. The underground levels in a parking garage often have designations like B1 and B2. Temperatures are one of the few exceptions: folks do say, especially here in Ithaca, New York, that it's -5 degrees outside, though even then, many prefer to say 5 below zero. There's something about that negative sign that just looks so unpleasant.
*parentheses 괄호
불편한 음수를 대신하는 다양한 표현
여러분이 음수의 4개의 쿠키를 볼 수 없고 틀림없이 그것들을 먹을 수 없다는 점에서 음수는 양수보다 훨씬 더 추상적이지만 여러분은 그것들을 생각할 수 있으며, 채무에서부터 몹시 차가운 기온, 주차장과 씨름하는 것에 이르기까지 일상생활의 모든 측면에서 생각‘해야만 한다’. 여전히 우리들 중 많은 사람들은 음수와 잘 지내지 못해 왔다. 사람들은 그 두려운 음수의 기호를 피하기 위해 모든 종류의 우스꽝스럽고 사소한 정신적 전략들을 만들어 냈다. 뮤추얼 펀드(계약형 투자 신탁) 진술에서 손실(음수)은 빨간색으로 인쇄되거나 음수의 기호가 발견되지 않은 채 괄호 안에 갇혀있다. 역사책은 우리에게 Julius Caesar가 –100이 아닌 기원전 100년에 태어났다고 말한다. 주차장의 지하층은 종종 B1과 B2와 같은 명칭을 가지고 있다. 기온은 몇 안 되는 예외 중 하나인데 특히 여기 New York의 Ithaca에서 사람들은 바깥의 기온이 -5도라고 말하지만 심지어 그때에도 많은 사람들은 영하 5도라고 말하길 선호한다. 그 음수의 기호에 관해서는 정말 불쾌하게만 보이는 무언가가 있다.
34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Observational studies of humans cannot be properly controlled. Humans live different lifestyles and in different environments. Thus, they are insufficiently homogeneous to be suitable experimental subjects. These confounding factors undermine our ability to draw sound causal conclusions from human epidemiological surveys. Confounding factors are variables (known or unknown) that make it difficult for epidemiologists to isolate the effects of the specific variable being studied. For example, Taubes argued that since many people who drink also smoke, researchers have difficulty determining the link between alcohol consumption and cancer. Similarly, researchers in the famous Framingham study identified a significant correlation between coffee drinking and coronary heart disease. However, most of this correlation disappeared once researchers corrected for the fact that many coffee drinkers also smoke. If the confounding factors are known, it is often possible to correct for them. However, if they are unknown, they will undermine the reliability of the causal conclusions we draw from epidemiological surveys.
*homogeneous 동질적인 **epidemiological 역학의
교란 변수로 인한 관찰 연구의 어려움
인간에 대한 관찰 연구는 적절하게 통제될 수 없다. 인간은 다양한 생활 방식으로 그리고 다양한 환경에서 살고 있다. 따라서 그들은 적절한 실험 대상이 되기에 충분히 동질적이지 않다. 이러한 ‘교란 변수’는 인간 역학 조사로부터 타당한 인과적 결론을 도출하는 우리의 능력을 손상시킨다. 교란 변수는 역학자가 연구되고 있는 특정한 변수의 영향을 분리하기 어렵게 만드는 (알려지거나 알려지지 않은) 변수이다. 예를 들어, Taubes는 술을 마시는 많은 사람들이 흡연도 하기 때문에 연구자들이 알코올 섭취와 암 사이의 연관성을 결정짓는 데 어려움을 겪는다고 주장했다. 마찬가지로 유명한 Framingham 연구의 연구자들은 커피를 마시는 것과 관상 동맥성 심장 질환 사이에 상당한 상관관계를 확인했다. 그러나 연구자들이 커피를 마시는 많은 사람들이 흡연도 한다는 사실에 대해 수정을 하자 이러한 상관관계의 대부분은 사라졌다. 교란 변수들이 알려져 있다면 그것들을 수정하는 것이 종종 가능하다. 그러나 그것들이 알려져 있지 않다면, 그것들은 우리가 역학 조사로부터 도출하는 인과적 결론의 신뢰성을 손상시킬 것이다.
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Of all the human emotions, none is trickier or more elusive than envy. It is very difficult to actually discern the envy that motivates people's actions. The reason for this elusiveness is simple: we almost never directly express the envy we are feeling. Envy entails the admission to ourselves that we are inferior to another person in something we value. Not only is it painful to admit this inferiority, but it is even worse for others to see that we are feeling this. And so almost as soon as we experience the initial feelings of envy, we are motivated to disguise it to ourselves ― it is not envy we feel but unfairness at the distribution of goods or attention, resentment at this unfairness, even anger.
*elusive 이해하기 어려운
까다롭고 이해하기 힘든 감정:질투
인간의 모든 감정 중에서 질투보다 더 까다롭거나 더 이해하기 어려운 것은 없다. 사람들의 행동을 자극하는 질투를 실제로 알아차리는 것은 매우 어렵다. 이러한 모호함의 이유는 간단한데, 우리는 우리가 느끼고 있는 질투를 대부분 절대 직접적으로 표현하지 않는다. 질투는 우리가 가치 있게 여기는 무언가에서 우리가 또 다른 사람보다 열등하다는 스스로에 대한 인정을 수반한다. 이 열등감을 인정하는 것은 고통스러울 뿐만 아니라 우리가 이것을 느끼고 있다는 것을 다른 사람들이 알게 되는 것은 훨씬 더 나쁘다. 그래서 우리가 최초의 질투심을 경험하는 거의 즉시, 우리는 그것을 우리 자신에게 감추고자 하게 되는데, 즉 그것은 우리가 느끼는 질투가 아니라 재산의 분배나 관심에 대한 불공평함, 이 불공평함에 대한 분개, 심지어 분노이다.
Plant growth is controlled by a group of hormones called auxins found at the tips of stems and roots of plants. Auxins produced at the tips of stems tend to accumulate on the side of the stem that is in the shade. Accordingly, the auxins stimulate growth on the shaded side of the plant. Therefore, the shaded side grows faster than the side facing the sunlight. This phenomenon causes the stem to bend and appear to be growing towards the light. Auxins have the opposite effect on the roots of plants. Auxins in the tips of roots tend to limit growth. If a root is horizontal in the soil, the auxins will accumulate on the lower side and interfere with its development. Therefore, the lower side of the root will grow slower than the upper side. This will, in turn, cause the root to bend downwards, with the tip of the root growing in that direction.
줄기와 뿌리에서 서로 다르게 작용하는 식물 호르몬 옥신
식물의 성장은 식물의 줄기와 뿌리의 끝에서 발견되는 옥신이라고 불리는 호르몬 그룹에 의해 조절된다. 줄기의 끝에서 생산된 옥신은 그늘진 곳에 있는 줄기의 옆면에 축적되는 경향이 있다. 따라서, 옥신은 식물의 그늘진 면에서의 성장을 자극한다. 그러므로 그늘진 면은 햇빛을 마주하는 면보다 더 빨리 자란다. 이 현상은 줄기가 휘어지게 하고 빛을 향하여 성장하는 것처럼 보이게 한다. 옥신은 식물의 뿌리에서는 반대의 효과를 가진다. 뿌리 끝에 있는 옥신은 성장을 억제하는 경향이 있다. 만약 하나의 뿌리가 토양 속에서 수평이라면, 옥신은 아래쪽에 축적되어 그것의 발달을 방해할 것이다. 그러므로 뿌리의 아래쪽은 위쪽보다 더 느리게 자라게 된다. 이것은 결과적으로 뿌리가 아래로 휘어지게 하고 뿌리의 끝부분은 그 방향으로 자란다.
31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
To demonstrate how best to defeat the habit of delaying, Dan Ariely, a professor of psychology and behavioral economics, performed an experiment on students in three of his classes at MIT. He assigned all classes three reports over the course of the semester. The first class had to choose three due dates for themselves, up to and including the last day of class. The second had no deadlines ― all three papers just had to be submitted by the last day of class. In his third class, he gave students three set deadlines over the course of the semester. At the end of the semester, he found that students with set deadlines received the best grades, the students with no deadlines had the worst, and those who could choose their own deadlines fell somewhere in the middle. Ariely concludes that restricting freedom ― whether by the professor or by students who recognize their own tendencies to delay things ― improves self-control and performance.
자유를 제한하는 것이 자기 통제와 성과 향상에 미치는 긍정적 영향
미루는 습관을 가장 잘 무너뜨리는 방법을 설명하기 위해, 심리학 및 행동경제학 교수인 Dan Ariely는 MIT의 자신의 수업 중 세 개에서 학생들을 대상으로 실험을 수행했다. 그는 학기 과정 동안 모든 수업에 세 개의 보고서를 과제로 부여했다. 첫 번째 수업의 학생들은 종강일까지 포함해서 세 개의 마감일을 스스로 선택해야 했다. 두 번째는 마감일이 없었고, 세 개의 보고서 모두 종강일까지 제출되기만 하면 되었다. 그의 세 번째 수업에서, 그는 학기 과정 동안 학생들에게 세 개의 정해진 마감일을 주었다. 학기 말에, 그는 마감일이 정해진 학생들이 최고의 성적을 받았고, 마감일이 없는 학생들은 최하의 성적을 받았으며, 자신의 마감일을 선택할 수 있었던 학생들은 그 중간 어디쯤의 위치에 있었다는 것을 알아냈다. Ariely는, 교수에 의해서든 혹은 일을 미루는 자신의 성향을 인식한 학생들에 의해서든, 자유를 제한하는 것은 자기 통제와 성과를 향상시킨다고 결론짓는다.
32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
The best way in which innovation changes our lives is by enabling people to work for each other. The main theme of human history is that we become steadily more specialized in what we produce, and steadily more diversified in what we consume: we move away from unstable self-sufficiency to safer mutual interdependence. By concentrating on serving other people's needs for forty hours a week ― which we call a job ― you can spend the other seventy-two hours (not counting fifty-six hours in bed) relying on the services provided to you by other people. Innovation has made it possible to work for a fraction of a second in order to be able to afford to turn on an electric lamp for an hour, providing the quantity of light that would have required a whole day's work if you had to make it yourself by collecting and refining sesame oil or lamb fat to burn in a simple lamp, as much of humanity did in the not so distant past.
*a fraction of a second 아주 짧은 시간 **refine 정제하다
혁신을 통해 서로를 위해 일을 함으로써 더욱 편리해진 인류의 삶
혁신이 우리의 삶을 바꾸는 최고의 방법은 사람들이 서로를 위해 일할 수 있도록 함으로써이다. 인류 역사의 주요한 주제는 우리가 생산하는 데 꾸준히 더 전문화되고 소비하는 데 꾸준히 더 다양화되는 것이다. 즉, 우리는 불안정한 자급자족에서 더 안전한 서로 간의 상호의존으로 옮겨간다는 것이다. 일주일에 40시간 동안 사람들의 필요를 충족시키는 것, 즉 우리가 직업이라고 부르는 것에 집중함으로써, 여러분은 다른 사람들에 의해 여러분에게 제공되는 서비스에 의지하여 나머지 72시간(잠자는 56시간은 계산에 넣지 않고)을 보낼 수 있다. 혁신은 전등을 한 시간 동안 켜는 여유를 가질 수 있게 하기 위해 아주 짧은 시간 동안 일하는 것을 가능하게 했고, 그것은 만약 여러분이 그리 멀지 않은 과거에 많은 인류가 했던 것처럼 단순한 등을 켜기 위해 참기름이나 양의 지방을 모으고 정제함으로써 그것을 스스로 만들어야 했다면 하루 종일의 노동을 필요로 했었을 빛의 양을 제공했다.
33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
If you've ever made a poor choice, you might be interested in learning how to break that habit. One great way to trick your brain into doing so is to sign a “Ulysses Contract.” The name of this life tip comes from the Greek myth about Ulysses, a captain whose ship sailed past the island of the Sirens, a tribe of dangerous women who lured victims to their death with their irresistible songs. Knowing that he would otherwise be unable to resist, Ulysses instructed his crew to stuff their ears with cotton and tie him to the ship's mast to prevent him from turning their ship towards the Sirens. It worked for him and you can do the same thing by locking yourself out of your temptations. For example, if you want to stay off your cellphone and concentrate on your work, delete the apps that distract you or ask a friend to change your password!
*lure 유혹하다 ***mast 돛대
Ulysses Contract:스스로 유혹을 차단하여 나쁜 선택을 피하기
여러분이 한 번이라도 좋지 못한 선택을 한 적이 있다면, 여러분은 그 습관을 깨는 방법을 배우는 데 관심이 있을지도 모른다. 그렇게 하도록 여러분의 뇌를 속이는 한 가지 좋은 방법은 ‘Ulysses 계약’에 서명하는 것이다. 이러한 인생 조언의 이름은 저항할 수 없는 노래로 희생자들을 죽음으로 유혹한 위험한 여성 부족인 사이렌의 섬을 자신의 배로 항해해 지나갔던 선장 Ulysses에 관한 그리스 신화에서 유래되었다. 그는 그렇게 하지 않으면 저항할 수 없다는 것을 알고 Ulysses는 자신이 배를 사이렌으로 돌리는 것을 막기 위해 자신의 선원들이 그들의 귀를 솜으로 막고 그를 배의 돛대에 묶으라고 지시했다. 그것은 그에게 효과가 있었고 여러분은 여러분의 유혹으로부터 스스로를 차단함으로써 같은 일을 할 수 있다. 예를 들어, 만약 여러분이 휴대폰을 멀리하고 여러분의 일에 집중하고 싶다면, 여러분의 주의를 산만하게 하는 앱들을 삭제하거나 친구에게 여러분의 비밀번호를 바꿔달라고 요청하라!
34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
Our homes aren't just ecosystems, they're unique ones, hosting species that are adapted to indoor environments and pushing evolution in new directions. Indoor microbes, insects, and rats have all evolved the ability to survive our chemical attacks, developing resistance to antibacterials, insecticides, and poisons. German cockroaches are known to have developed a distaste for glucose, which is commonly used as bait in roach traps. Some indoor insects, which have fewer opportunities to feed than their outdoor counterparts, seem to have developed the ability to survive when food is limited. Dunn and other ecologists have suggested that as the planet becomes more developed and more urban, more species will evolve the traits they need to thrive indoors. Over a long enough time period, indoor living could drive our evolution, too. Perhaps my indoorsy self represents the future of humanity.
*glucose 포도당 **bait 미끼
실내 공간 또한 생물이 진화하는 생태계 환경 중 하나이다
우리의 집은 단순한 생태계가 아니라 독특한 곳이며, 실내 환경에 적응된 종들을 수용하고 새로운 방향으로 진화를 밀어붙인다. 실내 미생물, 곤충, 그리고 쥐들은 모두 항균제, 살충제, 독에 대한 내성을 키우면서 우리의 화학적 공격에서 살아남을 수 있는 능력을 진화시켜왔다. 독일 바퀴벌레는 바퀴벌레 덫에서 미끼로 흔히 사용되는 포도당에 대한 혐오감을 발달시켜 온 것으로 알려져 있다. 야외(에 사는) 상대방에 비해 먹이를 잡아먹을 더 적은 기회를 가지는 일부 실내 곤충은 먹이가 제한적일 때 생존할 수 있는 능력을 발달시켜 온 것으로 보인다. Dunn과 다른 생태학자들은 지구가 점점 더 발전되고 도시화되면서, 더 많은 종들이 실내에서 번성하기 위해 그들이 필요로 하는 특성들을 진화시킬 것이라고 말해 왔다. 충분히 긴 시간에 걸쳐, 실내 생활은 또한 우리의 진화를 이끌 수 있었다. 아마도 실내 생활을 좋아하는 내 모습은 인류의 미래를 대변할 것이다.
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
Developing a personal engagement with poetry brings a number of benefits to you as an individual, in both a personal and a professional capacity. Writing poetry has been shown to have physical and mental benefits, with expressive writing found to improve immune system and lung function, diminish psychological distress, and enhance relationships. Poetry has long been used to aid different mental health needs, develop empathy, and reconsider our relationship with both natural and built environments. Poetry is also an incredibly effective way of actively targeting the cognitive development period, improving your productivity and scientific creativity in the process. In short, poetry has a lot to offer, if you give it the opportunity to do so.
*cognitive 인지적인
시를 쓰는 것은 다방면으로 긍정적인 영향을 준다
시와의 개인적 관계를 발전시키는 것은 개인적인 능력과 전문적인 능력 모두에서 한 개인으로서의 여러분에게 많은 이점을 가져다준다. 표현적 글쓰기가 면역 체계와 폐 기능을 향상시키고, 심리적 고통을 줄이고, 관계를 증진시키는 것으로 밝혀지면서, 시를 쓰는 것은 신체적, 정신적 이점을 지닌 것으로 보여져 왔다. 시는 여러 정신 건강에 필요한 것들을 지원하고, 공감 능력을 개발하고, 자연적 환경과 만들어진 환경 둘 다와의 관계를 재고하기 위해 오랫동안 사용되어 왔다. 시는 또한 인지 발달 시기를 적극적으로 겨냥하는 믿을 수 없을 정도로 효과적인 방법이며, 그 과정에서 여러분의 생산성과 과학적 창의력을 향상시킨다. 간단히 말해서, 만약 여러분이 시에게 그렇게 할 기회를 준다면, 시는 제공할 많은 것을 가지고 있다.
Clarity in an organization keeps everyone working in one accord and energizes key leadership components like trust and transparency. No matter who or what is being assessed in your organization, what they are being assessed on must be clear and the people must be aware of it. If individuals in your organization are assessed without knowing what they are being assessed on, it can cause mistrust and move your organization away from clarity. For your organization to be productive, cohesive, and successful, trust is essential. Failure to have trust in your organization will have a negative effect on the results of any assessment. It will also significantly hinder the growth of your organization. To conduct accurate assessments, trust is a must ― which comes through clarity. In turn, assessments help you see clearer, which then empowers your organization to reach optimal success.
조직 내의 신뢰와 조직의 성공을 위해 필요한 명확성
조직에서의 명확성은 모두가 계속 조화롭게 일하게 하고 신뢰와 투명성 같은 핵심적인 리더십 요소에 활력을 준다. 여러분의 조직에서 누가 또는 무엇이 평가되고 있는지 간에 그들이 무엇에 대해 평가되고 있는지는 분명해야 하고 사람들은 그것을 알고 있어야 한다. 만약 여러분의 조직에 있는 개개인들이 그들이 무엇에 대해 평가되고 있는지를 알지 못한 채로 평가된다면 그것은 불신을 초래하고 여러분의 조직을 명확성으로부터 멀어지게 할 수 있다. 여러분의 조직이 생산적이고 응집력이 있고 성공적이기 위해서는 신뢰가 필수적이다. 여러분의 조직에 대한 신뢰를 갖지 못하는 것은 어떤 평가의 결과에도 부정적인 영향을 끼칠 것이다. 그것은 또한 여러분의 조직의 성장을 상당히 방해할 것이다. 정확한 평가를 수행하기 위해 신뢰는 필수적인 것이고, 그것은 명확성으로부터 온다. 결국, 평가는 여러분이 더 분명하게 볼 수 있도록 도와주는데, 그것은 그러고 나서 여러분의 조직이 최적의 성공에 도달하도록 해 준다.
21. 밑줄 친 "eating my problems for breakfast"가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Research in the science of peak performance and motivation points to the fact that different tasks should ideally be matched to our energy level. For example, analytical tasks are best accomplished when our energy is high and we are free from distractions and able to focus. I generally wake up energized. Over the years, I have consistently stuck to the habit of “eating my problems for breakfast.” I'm someone who tends to overthink different scenarios and conversations that haven't happened yet. When I procrastinate on talking with an unhappy client or dealing with an unpleasant email, I find I waste too much emotional energy during the day. It's as if the task hangs over my head, and I'll spend more time worrying about it, talking about it, and avoiding it, than it would actually take to just take care of it. So for me, it'll always be the first thing I get done. If you know you are not a morning person, be strategic about scheduling your difficult work later in the day.
*procrastinate 미루다
어려운 일은 하루 중 에너지가 가장 충만한 때에 다루어야 한다
최고의 수행과 동기 부여에 대한 과학 연구는 각각의 일이 우리의 에너지 수준에 이상적으로 맞춰져야 한다는 사실을 지적한다. 예를 들어 분석적인 일은 우리의 에너지가 높고 방해물이 없으며 집중할 수 있을 때 가장 잘 수행된다. 나는 보통 활기찬 상태로 일어난다. 몇 년 동안 나는 ‘아침 식사로 나의 문제를 먹는’ 습관을 꾸준히 고수해 왔다. 나는 아직 일어나지 않은 다양한 시나리오와 대화를 너무 많이 생각하는 경향이 있는 사람이다. 불만족스러워하는 고객과 이야기하거나 불쾌한 이메일을 처리하는 것을 미룰 때 나는 낮 동안에 너무 많은 감정적인 에너지를 낭비한다고 생각한다. 마치 그 일이 뇌리에서 떠나지 않는 것 같고, 나는 그것을 단지 처리하는 데 실제로 걸리는 것보다 더 많은 시간을 그것에 대해 걱정하고, 그것에 대해 이야기하고 그리고 그것을 피하는 데 보낼 것이다. 그래서 나에게는 그것이 항상 내가 끝내는 첫 번째 일이 될 것이다. 만약 여러분이 자신이 아침형 인간이 아니라는 것을 안다면, 여러분의 어려운 일을 오후 늦은 시간에 하도록 일정을 짜는 것에 대한 전략을 세우라.
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
In one study, when researchers suggested that a date was associated with a new beginning (such as “the first day of spring”), students viewed it as a more attractive time to kick-start goal pursuit than when researchers presented it as an unremarkable day (such as “the third Thursday in March”). Whether it was starting a new gym habit or spending less time on social media, when the date that researchers suggested was associated with a new beginning, more students wanted to begin changes right then. And more recent research by a different team found that similar benefits were achieved by showing goal seekers modified weekly calendars. When calendars depicted the current day (either Monday or Sunday) as the first day of the week, people reported feeling more motivated to make immediate progress on their goals.
새로운 시작과 관련된 날짜가 목표 추구와 동기 부여에 미치는 영향
한 연구에서 연구자들이 날짜가 새 시작 (‘봄의 첫 번째 날’처럼)과 관련이 있다고 제시했을 때, 연구자들이 그것을 평범한 날 (‘3월의 세 번째 목요일’처럼)로 제시했을 때보다 학생들은 그것을 목표 추구를 시작하기에 더 매력적인 때로 보았다. 그것이 새로운 운동 습관을 시작하는 것이든 혹은 소셜 미디어에 시간을 덜 쓰는 것이든 연구자들이 제시하는 날짜가 새로운 시작과 관련될 때 더 많은 학생들이 바로 그때 변화를 시작하기를 원했다. 그리고 다른 팀에 의한 더 최근의 연구는 목표를 추구하는 사람들에게 수정된 주간 일정표를 보여 줌으로써 비슷한 이점들이 얻어졌다는 것을 알아냈다. 달력이 오늘을 (월요일이든 일요일이든) 한 주의 첫날로 표현했을 때, 사람들은 그들의 목표에 대한 즉각적인 진전을 이루는 데 더욱 동기 부여가 되는 것을 느낀다고 보고했다.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
Native Americans often sang and danced in preparation for launching an attack. The emotional and neurochemical excitement that resulted from this preparatory singing gave them stamina to carry out their attacks. What may have begun as an unconscious, uncontrolled act ― rushing their victims with singing and beating drums in a frenzy ― could have become a strategy as the victors saw firsthand the effect their actions had on those they were attacking. Although war dances risk warning an enemy of an upcoming attack, the arousal and synchronizing benefits for the attackers may compensate for the loss of surprise. Humans who sang, danced, and marched may have enjoyed a strong advantage on the battlefield as well as intimidated enemies who witnessed such a spectacle. Nineteenth-and twentieth-century Germans feared no one more than the Scots ― the bagpipes and drums were disturbing in their sheer loudness and visual spectacle.
*frenzy 격분 **synchronize 동시에 움직이게 하다
전쟁 시 적을 교란시키는 노래와 춤
북미 원주민들은 공격을 개시하기 위한 준비로 종종 노래를 불렀고 춤을 췄다. 이러한 준비의 노래에서 야기된 감정적이고 신경 화학적인 흥분 상태가 그들의 공격을 수행하기 위한 힘을 그들에게 제공했다. 무의식적이고 억제되지 않는 행동으로서 시작했을지도 모르는 것, 즉 격분하여 노래를 부르고 드럼을 치는 것으로 그들의 희생자를 공격하는 것은 승리자들이 그들이 공격하고 있는 사람들에게 자신들의 행동이 미치는 영향을 직접 목격하면서 전략이 되었을 수도 있다. 비록 전쟁의 춤이 적에게 곧 있을 공격을 경고해 주는 위험을 감수하는 것임에도 불구하고, 공격자들에게 주는 정서적 자극과 동시에 움직이게 하는 이점이 기습의 상실을 보상해 줄 수 있다. 노래하고, 춤추고, 행진했던 사람들은 그러한 장관을 목격한 적들을 겁먹게 했을 뿐만 아니라 전쟁터에서 강한 우세를 누렸을지도 모른다. 19세기와 20세기의 독일인들은 스코틀랜드인들을 가장 무서워했는데, 백파이프와 드럼이 순전한 시끄러움과 시각적인 장관으로 교란시켰다.
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
The recent “cycling as a lifestyle” craze has expressed itself in an increase in the number of active cyclists and in growth of cycling club membership in several European, American, Australian and Asian urban areas. It has also been accompanied by a symbolic reinterpretation of the bicycle. After the bicycle had been associated with poverty for many years, expensive recreational bicycles or recreationally-inspired commuting bicycles have suddenly become aspirational products in urban environments. In present times, cycling has become an activity which is also performed for its demonstrative value, its role in identity construction and its effectiveness in impressing others and signaling social status. To a certain extent, cycling has turned into a symbolic marker of the well-off. Obviously, value-laden consumption behavior is by no means limited to cycling. However, the link with identity construction and conspicuous consumption has become particularly manifest in the case of cycling.
*conspicuous 눈에 잘 띄는
자전거가 암시하는 위상의 변화
최근의 ‘생활 양식으로서의 자전거 타기’ 열풍은 유럽, 미국, 호주 그리고 아시아의 몇몇 도시 지역에서 적극적으로 자전거를 타는 사람들 수의 증가와 자전거 타기 클럽 회원의 성장으로 나타났다. 그것은 또한 자전거의 상징적인 재해석과 동반되어 왔다. 자전거가 수년 동안 가난과 연관되었던 이후로, 비싼 여가용 자전거 또는 여가용으로부터 영감을 얻은 통근용 자전거가 도시 환경에서 갑자기 열망의 상품이 되었다. 현재 자전거 타기가 그것의 드러내 놓고 표현하는 가치, 정체성 형성에 있어서의 그것의 역할, 그리고 타인에게 깊은 인상을 주고 사회적 지위를 암시하는 것에 있어서의 그것의 효과를 위해 수행되기도 하는 활동이 되었다. 어느 정도는 자전거 타기가 부유한 사람들의 상징적 표시로 바뀌었다. 분명히 가치를 지닌 소비 행위는 자전거 타기에 결코 한정되지 않는다. 그러나 정체성 형성과 과시적 소비와의 관련성은 자전거 타기의 경우에 특히 분명해졌다.
26. Janaki Ammal에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Janaki Ammal, one of India's most notable scientists, was born in 1897, and was expected to wed through an arranged marriage. Despite living at a time when literacy among women in India was less than one percent, she decided to reject tradition and attend college. In 1924, she went to the U.S. and eventually received a doctorate in botany from the University of Michigan. Ammal contributed to the development of the sweetest sugarcane variety in the world. She moved to England where she co-authored the Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants. Following a series of famines, she returned to India to help increase food production at the request of the Prime Minister. However, Ammal disagreed with the deforestation taking place in an effort to grow more food. She became an advocate for the preservation of native plants and successfully saved the Silent Valley from the construction of a hydroelectric dam.
과학자 Janaki Ammal
인도의 가장 유명한 과학자 중 한 명인 Janaki Ammal은 1897년에 태어났고, 중매를 통해 결혼할 것으로 기대되었다. 인도 여성들의 식자율이 1%보다 낮았던 시기에 살았음에도 불구하고, 그녀는 관습을 따르지 않고 대학에 입학하기로 결심했다. 1924년에 그녀는 미국으로 갔고 마침내 Michigan 대학에서 식물학 박사 학위를 받았다. Ammal은 세계에서 가장 단 사탕수수 품종 개발에 기여했다. 그녀는 영국으로 건너가 그곳에서 Chromosome Atlas of Cultivated Plants를 공동 집필했다. 연이은 기근이 있은 후, 그녀는 수상의 요청으로 식량 생산을 증가시키는 데 도움을 주기 위해 인도로 돌아갔다. 그러나 Ammal은 더 많은 식량을 재배하기 위한 노력으로써 삼림 벌채가 일어나는 것에 동의하지 않았다. 그녀는 토종 식물 보존에 대한 옹호자가 되었고, 수력 발전 댐의 건설로부터 Silent Valley를 성공적으로 지켰다.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Pre-emption means that a strategy is designed to prevent a rival from starting some particular activity. In some case a pre-emptive move may simply be an announcement of some intent that might discourage rivals from doing the same. The idea of pre-emption implies that timing is sometimes very important ― a decision or an action at one point in time might be much more rewarding than doing it at a different time point. Pre-emption may involve up-weighting advertising for a period before and during when a new entrant launches into a market. The intent is to make it more difficult for the new entrant's advertising to make an impression on potential buyers. Product proliferation is another potential pre-emption strategy. The general idea is to launch a large variety of product variants so that there is very little in the way of market demand that is not accommodated. Arguably, if a market is already filled with product variants it is more difficult for competitors to find untapped pockets of market demand.
*pre-emption 선매 행위 **proliferation 확산
시장경쟁자를 견제하는 수단으로서의 선매 행위
선매 행위는 어떤 전략이 경쟁자로 하여금 어떤 특정한 활동을 시작하는 것을 방지하기 위해 만들어진다는 것을 의미한다. 어떤 경우에는 선제적 조치는 단순히 경쟁자들이 같은 행동을 하는 것을 단념시킬 수 있는 어떤 의도의 공표일 수도 있다. 선매 행위 개념은 때로 타이밍이 매우 중요하다는 것을 암시하는데, 즉 어떤 시점의 결정이나 조치는 다른 시점에 그것을 하는 것보다 훨씬 더 득이 될 수 있다. 선매 행위는 새로운 진입자가 시장에 진출하기 이전과 진출해 있는 동안에 광고의 가중치를 높이는 것을 포함할 수 있다. 그 취지는 신규 진입자의 광고가 잠재적 구매자들에게 인상을 남기는 것을 더 어렵게 만드는 것이다. 제품 확산은 또 다른 잠재적인 선매 행위 전략이다. 일반적인 아이디어는 수용되지 않는 시장 수요의 방식이 거의 없도록 다양한 제품 변형을 출시하는 것이다. 거의 틀림없이, 만약 시장이 제품 변형으로 이미 채워져 있다면 경쟁자들은 아직 점유되지 않은 시장 수요 주머니를 찾기가 더 어렵다.
You already have a business and you're about to launch your blog so that you can sell your product. Unfortunately, here is where a ‘business mind’ can be a bad thing. Most people believe that to have a successful business blog promoting a product, they have to stay strictly ‘on the topic.’ If all you're doing is shamelessly promoting your product, then who is going to want to read the latest thing you're writing about? Instead, you need to give some useful or entertaining information away for free so that people have a reason to keep coming back. Only by doing this can you create an interested audience that you will then be able to sell to. So, the best way to be successful with a business blog is to write about things that your audience will be interested in.
상업용 블로그는 흥미 있는 정보로 고객을 끌어들여야 한다
여러분은 이미 사업체를 가지고 있고 여러분의 제품을 팔 수 있도록 여러분의 블로그를 시작하려는 참이다. 유감스럽게도, 여기가 ‘비즈니스 정신’이 나쁜 것이 될 수 있는 지점이다. 대부분의 사람들은 제품을 홍보하는 성공적인 상업용 블로그를 가지기 위해서 그들이 엄격하게 ‘그 주제에’ 머물러야 한다고 믿는다. 만일 여러분이 하는 일의 전부가 뻔뻔스럽게 여러분의 제품을 홍보하는 것이라면, 그렇다면 누가 여러분이 쓰고 있는 최신의 것을 읽고 싶어할까? 대신에, 사람들이 계속해서 다시 방문할 이유를 가지도록 여러분은 어떤 유용하거나 재미있는 정보를 무료로 줄 필요가 있다. 이렇게 해야만 여러분은 여러분이 그 다음에 판매를 할 수 있게 될 관심 있는 독자를 만들 수 있다. 따라서, 상업용 블로그로 성공하기 위한 가장 좋은 방법은 여러분의 독자들이 관심을 가질 만한 것들에 대해 쓰는 것이다.
21. 밑줄 친 challenge this sacred cow가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?
Our language helps to reveal our deeper assumptions. Think of these revealing phrases: When we accomplish something important, we say it took “blood, sweat, and tears.” We say important achievements are “hard-earned.” We recommend a “hard day's work” when “day's work” would be enough. When we talk of “easy money,” we are implying it was obtained through illegal or questionable means. We use the phrase “That's easy for you to say” as a criticism, usually when we are seeking to invalidate someone's opinion. It's like we all automatically accept that the “right” way is, inevitably, the harder one. In my experience this is hardly ever questioned. What would happen if you do challenge this sacred cow? We don't even pause to consider that something important and valuable could be made easy. What if the biggest thing keeping us from doing what matters is the false assumption that it has to take huge effort?
*invalidate 틀렸음을 입증하다
가치 있는 일은 반드시 어려운 것이라 여기는 관념에 대한 의문 제기
우리의 언어는 우리의 더 깊은 전제를 드러내는 것을 돕는다. 이것을 잘 드러내는 다음과 같은 문구들을 생각해 보라. 우리가 중요한 무언가를 성취할 때, 우리는 그것이 ‘피, 땀, 그리고 눈물’을 필요로 했다고 말한다. 우리는 중요한 성과는 ‘힘들게 얻은’ 것이라고 말한다. 우리는 ‘하루 동안의 일’이라는 말로도 충분할 때 ‘힘든 하루 동안의 일’이라는 말을 권한다. 우리가 ‘쉬운 돈’이라는 말을 할 때, 우리는 그것이 불법적이거나 의심스러운 수단을 통해 얻어졌다는 것을 넌지시 드러내고 있다. 우리는 보통 누군가의 의견이 틀렸음을 입증하려고 할 때, 우리는 ‘말은 쉽지’라는 문구를 비판으로 사용한다. 이는 마치 우리 모두가 ‘올바른’ 방법은 반드시 더 어려운 방법이라는 것을 자동적으로 받아들이는 것과 같다. 나의 경험상 이것은 거의 한 번도 의문이 제기되지 않는다. 만약 여러분이 정말로 이 신성한 소에 맞선다면 무슨 일이 일어날까? 우리는 중요하고 가치 있는 무언가를 쉬운 것으로 만들 수 있다고 잠시 멈춰 생각해 보지도 않는다. 만약 우리가 중요한 일을 하지 못하게 하는 가장 큰 것이 중요한 일은 엄청난 노력을 필요로 한다는 잘못된 전제라면 어떨까?
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
The old saying is that “knowledge is power,” but when it comes to scary, threatening news, research suggests the exact opposite. Frightening news can actually rob people of their inner sense of control, making them less likely to take care of themselves and other people. Public health research shows that when the news presents health-related information in a pessimistic way, people are actually less likely to take steps to protect themselves from illness as a result. A news article that's intended to warn people about increasing cancer rates, for example, can result in fewer people choosing to get screened for the disease because they're so terrified of what they might find. This is also true for issues such as climate change. When a news story is all doom and gloom, people feel depressed and become less interested in taking small, personal steps to fight ecological collapse.
비관적인 방식으로 제시되는 정보에 사람들은 소극적으로 반응한다
오래된 격언에 따르면 ‘아는 것이 힘이다’라고 하지만, 무섭고 위협적인 뉴스에 관한 한, 연구는 정반대를 시사한다. 두려움을 주는 뉴스는 실제로 사람들로부터 내면의 통제력을 빼앗을 수 있어서, 그들이 스스로와 다른 사람들을 돌볼 가능성을 더 낮게 만든다. 공중 보건 연구는 뉴스가 건강과 관련된 정보를 비관적인 방식으로 제시할 때, 결과적으로 사람들이 질병으로부터 자신을 보호하기 위한 조치를 취할 가능성이 실제로 더 낮다는 것을 보여준다. 예를 들어, 증가하는 암 발생률에 대해 사람들에게 경고하려 하는 뉴스 기사는 그들이 발견할지도 모를 것에 대해 너무 두려워하기 때문에 더 적은 사람들이 그 병에 대해 검사받는 것을 선택하는 결과를 가져올 수 있다. 이것은 기후 변화와 같은 문제에도 해당된다. 뉴스가 온통 파멸과 암울한 상황일 때, 사람들은 우울하게 느끼고 생태학적 붕괴와 싸우기 위한 작고 개인적인 조치를 취하는 것에 흥미를 덜 느끼게 된다.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
The most remarkable and unbelievable consequence of melting ice and rising seas is that together they are a kind of time machine, so real that they are altering the duration of our day. It works like this: As the glaciers melt and the seas rise, gravity forces more water toward the equator. This changes the shape of the Earth ever so slightly, making it fatter around the middle, which in turns slows the rotation of the planet similarly to the way a ballet dancer slows her spin by spreading out her arms. The slowdown isn't much, just a few thousandths of a second each year, but like the barely noticeable jump of rising seas every year, it adds up. When dinosaurs lived on the Earth, a day lasted only about twenty-three hours.
해수면 상승이 초래하는 지구 자전의 감속화
녹는 얼음과 상승하는 바다의 가장 놀랍고 믿을 수 없는 결과는 그것들이 합쳐서 일종의 타임머신이라는 것이고, 이것은 너무나 현실적이어서 그것들이 우리 하루의 기간을 바꾸고 있다. 그것은 이와 같이 작동한다. 즉, 빙하가 녹고 바다가 높아지면서 중력이 적도를 향해 더 많은 물을 밀어 넣는다. 이것은 지구의 모양을 아주 약간 변화시켜 가운데 주변으로 그것을 더 불룩하게 만들고, 이것은 결과적으로 발레 무용수가 양팔을 뻗어서 그녀의 회전을 늦추는 방식과 유사한 방식으로 행성의 회전을 늦춘다. 이 감속이 매년 단지 몇천 분의 1초로 크지는 않지만, 해마다 상승하는 바다의 알아차리기 힘든 증가처럼, 그것은 쌓인다. 공룡들이 지구에 살았을 때, 하루는 약 23시간만 지속되었다.
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Have you ever brought up an idea or suggestion to someone and heard them immediately say “No, that won't work.”? You may have thought, “He/she didn't even give it a chance. How do they know it won't work?” When you are right about something, you close off the possibility of another viewpoint or opportunity. Being right about something means that “it is the way it is, period.” You may be correct. Your particular way of seeing it may be true with the facts. However, considering the other option or the other person's point of view can be beneficial. If you see their side, you will see something new or, at worse, learn something about how the other person looks at life. Why would you think everyone sees and experiences life the way you do? Besides how boring that would be, it would eliminate all new opportunities, ideas, invention, and creativity.
옳은 것이라고 굳게 여기는 관점은 무언가 배울 기회를 막는다
누군가에게 아이디어나 제안을 내놓고, 그들이 즉시 “아니, 그건 안 될 거야.”라고 말한 것을 들은 적이 있는가? 여러분은 아마도 “그 사람은 기회조차 주지 않았어. 어떻게 그들은 그것이 안 될 것이라는 것을 알지?”라고 생각했을 것이다. 여러분이 어떤 일에 대해 옳다면, 여러분은 다른 관점이나 기회의 가능성을 닫아 버린다. 어떤 일에 대해 옳다는 것은 “그것은 원래 그런 거야, 끝.”이라고 하는 것을 의미한다. 여러분이 맞을 수도 있다. 여러분이 그것을 보는 특정한 방법이 사실에 부합할 수도 있다. 하지만 다른 선택지나 다른 사람의 관점을 고려하는 것은 이로울 수 있다. 만약 여러분이 그들의 관점을 안다면, 여러분이 새로운 것을 보거나 그것보다는 나쁘더라도 다른 사람이 삶을 바라보는 방식에 대한 무언가를 배울 것이다. 왜 모두가 여러분이 하는 방식대로 삶을 보거나 경험할 것이라고 생각하는가? 그것이 얼마나 지루할지는 제외하고라도, 그것은 모든 새로운 기회, 아이디어, 발명, 그리고 창의성을 없앨 것이다.
26. Margaret Knight에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Margaret Knight was an exceptionally prolific inventor in the late 19th century； journalists occasionally compared her to Thomas Edison by nicknaming her “a woman Edison.” From a young age, she built toys for her older brothers. After her father died, Knight's family moved to Manchester. Knight left school in 1850, at age 12, to earn money for her family at a nearby textile factory, where she witnessed a fellow worker injured by faulty equipment. That led her to create her first invention, a safety device for textile equipment, but she never earned money from the invention. She also invented a machine that cut, folded and glued flat-bottomed paper bags and was awarded her first patent in 1871 for it. It eliminated the need for workers to assemble them slowly by hand. Knight received 27 patents in her lifetime and entered the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006.
*prolific 다작(多作)의 **patent 특허
발명가 Margaret Knight
Margaret Knight는 19세기 후반에 특출나게 다작한 발명가였고, 기자들은 가끔 그녀에게 ‘여자 Edison’이라는 별명을 지어 주어 Thomas Edison과 비교했다. 어린 나이부터, 그녀는 오빠들을 위해 장난감을 만들었다. 그녀의 아버지가 돌아가신 후, Knight의 가족은 Manchester로 이사했다. Knight는 가족을 위해 가까이에 있는 직물 공장에서 돈을 벌기 위해 1850년, 12세의 나이에 학교를 그만두었는데, 그곳에서 그녀는 동료 노동자가 결함이 있는 장비에 의해 부상을 당하는 것을 목격했다. 그것은 그녀가 자신의 첫 번째 발명품, 즉 직물 장비에 쓰이는 안전장치를 만들도록 이끌었지만, 그녀는 결코 그 발명품으로 돈을 벌지 못했다. 그녀는 또한 밑이 평평한 종이 가방을 자르고, 접고, 붙이는 기계를 발명했고 1871년에 그것으로 자신의 첫 특허를 받았다. 그것은 작업자들이 손으로 그것들을 천천히 조립할 필요를 없앴다. Knight는 자신의 일생 동안 27개의 특허를 받았고, 2006년에 국립 발명가 명예의 전당에 입성했다.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
You may have seen headlines in the news about some of the things machines powered by artificial intelligence can do. However, if you were to consider all the tasks that AI-powered machines could actually perform, it would be quite mind-blowing! One of the key features of artificial intelligence is that it enables machines to learn new things, rather than requiring programming specific to new tasks. Therefore, the core difference between computers of the future and those of the past is that future computers will be able to learn and self-improve. In the near future, smart virtual assistants will know more about you than your closest friends and family members do. Can you imagine how that might change our lives? These kinds of changes are exactly why it is so important torecognize the implications that new technologies will have for our world.
기계가 새로운 것을 학습할 수 있게 하는 AI
여러분은 인공 지능으로 구동되는 기계가 할 수 있는 몇 가지 일에 대한 헤드라인들을 뉴스에서 본 적이 있을 것이다. 하지만, AI로 구동되는 기계가 실제로 수행할 수 있는 모든 작업을 고려한다면, 그것은 꽤 놀라울 것이다! 인공 지능의 핵심 특징들 중 하나는 그것이 새로운 작업에 특화된 프로그래밍을 필요로 하기보다는 기계들이 새로운 것을 학습할 수 있게 한다는 것이다. 그러므로, 미래의 컴퓨터들과 과거의 그것들 사이의 핵심적인 차이점은 미래의 컴퓨터가 학습하고 스스로 개선할 수 있을 것이라는 점이다. 가까운 미래에, 스마트 가상 비서는 여러분에 대해 여러분의 가장 가까운 친구나 가족이 아는 것보다 더 많이 알게 될 것이다. 그것이 우리의 삶을 어떻게 변화시킬지 상상할 수 있는가? 왜 이러한 종류의 변화는 정확히 새로운 기술들이 우리 세계에 미칠 영향을 인식하는 것이 아주 중요한가에 대한 이유이다.
I have greatly enjoyed working at Trincom Enterprises as a sales manager. Since I joined in 2015, I have been a loyal and essential member of this company, and have developed innovative ways to contribute to the company. Moreover, in the last year alone, I have brought in two new major clients to the company, increasing the company's total sales by 5%. Also, I have voluntarily trained 5 new members of staff, totaling 35 hours. I would therefore request your consideration in raising my salary, which I believe reflects my performance as well as the industry average. I look forward to speaking with you soon.
Kimberly Morss
급여 인상 요청
친애하는 Krull씨께
저는 Trincom Enterprises에서 영업 매니저로 일하는 것을 매우 즐겨 왔습니다. 2015년에 입사한 이후, 저는 이 회사의 충성스럽고 필수적인 구성원이었고, 회사에 기여할 혁신적인 방법들을 개발해 왔습니다. 게다가, 저는 작년 한 해만 두 개의 주요 고객사를 회사에 새로 유치하여 회사의 총매출을 5% 증가시켰습니다. 또한, 저는 신규 직원 5명을 자발적으로 교육해 왔고 그 합계가 35시간이 되었습니다. 따라서 저는 제 급여를 인상하는 것에 대한 당신의 고려를 요청하고, 저는 이것이 업계 평균뿐만 아니라 제 성과도 반영한다고 믿습니다. 저는 당신과 곧 이야기하기를 기대합니다.
Kimberly Morss
19. 다음 글에 드러난 'I'의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
On one beautiful spring day, I was fully enjoying my day off. I arrived at the nail salon, and muted my cellphone so that I would be disconnected for the hour and feel calm and peaceful. I was so comfortable while I got a manicure. As I left the place, I checked my cellphone and saw four missed calls from a strange number. I knew immediately that something bad was coming, and I called back. A young woman answered and said that my father had fallen over a stone and was injured, now seated on a bench. I was really concerned since he had just recovered from his knee surgery. I rushed getting into my car to go see him.
아버지의 사고 소식
어느 아름다운 봄날, 나는 휴가를 충분히 즐기고 있었다. 나는 네일 샵에 도착해서 그 시간 동안 단절되어 차분하고 평화롭게 느낄 수 있도록 나의 휴대폰을 음소거했다. 나는 매니큐어를 받는 동안 아주 편안했다. 내가 그 장소를 떠날 때, 나는 나의 휴대폰을 확인했고 낯선 번호에서 걸려 온 네 통의 부재중 전화를 봤다. 나는 나쁜 어떤 일이 생겼다는 것을 즉시 알고 다시 전화했다. 한 젊은 여성이 전화를 받아 나의 아버지가 돌에 걸려 넘어져 다쳤고 지금 벤치에 앉아 있다고 말했다. 그가 무릎 수술에서 막 회복했기 때문에 나는 정말 걱정되었다. 나는 그를 보러 가기 위해 급히 차에 올랐다.
[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
Mike May lost his sight at the age of three. Because he had spent the majority of his life adapting to being blind ― and even cultivating a skiing career in this state ― his other senses compensated by growing stronger. However, when his sight was restored through a surgery in his forties, his entire perception of reality was disrupted. Instead of being thrilled that he could see now, as he'd expected, his brain was so overloaded with new visual stimuli that the world became a frightening and overwhelming place. After he'd learned to know his family through touch and smell, he found that he couldn't recognize his children with his eyes, and this left him puzzled. Skiing also became a lot harder as he struggled to adapt to the visual stimulation.
This confusion occurred because his brain hadn't yet learned to see. Though we often tend to assume our eyes function as video cameras which relay information to our brain, advances in neuroscientific research have proven that this is actually not the case. Instead, sight is a collaborative effort between our eyes and our brains, and the way we process visual reality depends on the way these two communicate. If communication between our eyes and our brains is disturbed, our perception of reality is altered accordingly. And because other areas of May's brain had adapted to process information primarily through his other senses, the process of learning how to see was more difficult than he'd anticipated.
서로 협력하여 시각적 현실을 처리하는 우리의 눈과 뇌
Mike May는 세 살 때 자신의 시력을 잃었다. 그는 자신의 인생의 대부분을 보이지 않는 것에 적응하는 데, 그리고 심지어 이 상태에서 스키 경력을 쌓는 데도 보냈기 때문에, 자신의 다른 감각들은 더 강해지는 것을 통해 보충되었다. 그러나 그의 시력이 40대에 수술을 통해 회복되었을 때, 그의 현실에 대한 전반적 인식은 방해받았다. 그가 예상했던 것처럼 이제 볼 수 있다는 것에 감격하는 대신, 자신의 뇌가 새로운 시각적 자극으로 너무 과부하가 걸려 세상은 두렵고 압도적인 장소가 되었다. 그가 만지는 것과 냄새를 통해 자신의 가족을 아는 것을 배운 후, 그는 자신의 눈으로 자신의 아이들을 알아볼 수 없다는 것을 알게 되었고 이것은 그를 혼란스러운 상태로 남겨 두었다. 스키 또한 그가 시각적인 자극에 적응하려고 힘쓰면서 훨씬 더 어려워졌다.
이 혼란은 그의 뇌가 아직 보는 것을 배우지 못했기 때문에 일어났다. 비록 우리는 종종 우리의 눈이 우리의 뇌에 정보를 전달하는 비디오카메라로서 기능한다고 가정하는 경향이 있지만, 신경 과학 연구의 발전은 이것이 실제로 그렇지 않다는 것을 증명했다. 대신, 시각은 우리의 눈과 뇌 사이의 협력적인 노력이며, 우리가 시각적 현실을 처리하는 방법은 이 두 가지가 소통하는 방식에 달려 있다. 만약 우리의 눈과 뇌 사이의 의사소통이 방해된다면, 현실에 대한 우리의 인식은 그에 따라 바뀐다. 그리고 May의 뇌의 다른 부분들은 주로 그의 다른 감각을 통해 정보를 처리하는 것에 적응했었기 때문에, 보는 방법을 배우는 과정은 그가 예상했던 것보다 더 어려웠다.
[43-45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
On my daughter Marie's 8th birthday, she received a bunch of presents from her friends at school. That evening, with her favorite present, a teddy bear, in her arms, we went to a restaurant to celebrate her birthday. Our server, a friendly woman, noticed my daughter holding the teddy bear and said, “My daughter loves teddy bears, too.” Then, we started chatting about her family.
The server mentioned during the conversation that her daughter was in the hospital with a broken leg. She also said that Marie looked about the same age as her daughter. She was so kind and attentive all evening, and even gave Marie cookies for free. After we finished our meal, we paid the bill and began to walk to our car when unexpectedly Marie asked me to wait and ran back into the restaurant.
When Marie came back out, I asked her what she had been doing. She said that she gave her teddy bear to our server so that she could give it to her daughter. I was surprised at her sudden action because I could see how much she loved that bear already. She must have seen the look on my face, because she said, “I can't imagine being stuck in a hospital bed. I just want her to get better soon.”
I felt moved by Marie's words as we walked toward the car. Then, our server ran out to our car and thanked Marie for her generosity. The server said that she had never had anyone doing anything like that for her family before. Later, Marie said it was her best birthday ever. I was so proud of her empathy and warmth, and this was an unforgettable experience for our family.
그 종업원은 대화 중에 자신의 딸이 다리가 부러져 병원에 있다고 말했다. 그녀(our server)는 또한 Marie가 자신의 딸과 나이가 거의 똑같아 보인다고 말했다. 그녀는 저녁 내내 매우 친절하고 세심했고 심지어 Marie에게 쿠키를 무료로 주었다. 우리가 식사를 마친 후, 우리는 요금을 지불하고 우리 차로 걸어가기 시작했는데 그때 갑자기 Marie가 나에게 기다려 달라고 부탁하고 식당으로 다시 뛰어들어갔다.
그 종업원은 대화 중에 자신의 딸이 다리가 부러져 병원에 있다고 말했다. 그녀(our server)는 또한 Marie가 자신의 딸과 나이가 거의 똑같아 보인다고 말했다. 그녀는 저녁 내내 매우 친절하고 세심했고 심지어 Marie에게 쿠키를 무료로 주었다. 우리가 식사를 마친 후, 우리는 요금을 지불하고 우리 차로 걸어가기 시작했는데 그때 갑자기 Marie가 나에게 기다려 달라고 부탁하고 식당으로 다시 뛰어들어갔다.
Marie가 돌아왔을 때 나는 그녀에게 무엇을 하고 있었느냐고 물었다. 그녀는 자신의 테디 베어를 우리의 종업원에게 주어서 그녀가 자신(our server)의 딸에게 그것을 줄 수 있도록 했다고 말했다. 나는 이미 그녀가 그 테디 베어를 얼마나 좋아하는지 알 수 있었기 때문에 그녀의 갑작스러운 행동에 놀랐다. 그녀(my daughter)는 내 얼굴의 표정을 분명히 봤을 것인데, 왜냐하면 그녀가 “저는 병원 침대에 갇혀 있는 것을 상상할 수 없어요. 전 그저 그녀가 빨리 낫기를 바랄 뿐이에요.”라고 말했기 때문이다.
우리가 차를 향해 걸어갈 때 나는 그녀의 말에 감동받았다. 그때 우리의 종업원이 우리 차로 달려 나와 Marie의 관대함에 고마워했다. (d)종업원(our server)은 이전에 자신의 가족을 위해 그런 일을 해 준 어떤 사람도 가진 적이 없었다고 말했다. 나중에 Marie는 그날이 그녀의 최고의 생일이었다고 말했다. 나는 그녀의 공감과 따뜻함이 너무 자랑스러웠고, 이것은 우리 가족에게 잊을 수 없는 경험이었다.
18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dear local business owners,
My name is Carol Williams, president of the student council at Yellowstone High School. We are hosting our annual quiz night on March 30 and plan to give prizes to the winning team. However, this event won't be possible without the support of local businesses who provide valuable products and services. Would you be willing to donate a gift certificate that we can use as a prize? We would be grateful for any amount on the certificate. In exchange for your generosity, we would place an advertisement for your business on our answer sheets. Thank you for taking time to read this letter and consider our request. If you'd like to donate or need more information, please call or email me. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Carol Williams
지역 상점 상품권 요청
지역 상점 주인분들께
제 이름은 Carol Williams이고 Yellowstone 고등학교의 학생회장입니다. 우리는 3월 30일에 연례 퀴즈의 밤을 개최할 것이고, 우승팀에게 상품을 제공할 계획입니다. 그러나 이 행사는 유용한 상품과 서비스를 제공해 주는 지역 상점의 후원 없이는 불가능할 것입니다. 우리가 상품으로 사용할 상품권을 흔쾌히 기부해 주실 수 있으십니까? 우리는 어떤 액수의 상품권 기부든 감사히 여길 것입니다. 귀하의 관대함에 대한 대가로 우리의 답안지에 귀하의 사업 광고를 싣겠습니다. 이 편지를 읽고 우리의 요청을 고려하는데 시간을 할애해 주셔서 감사합니다. 만약 귀하께서 기부하기를 원하시거나 더 많은 정보를 필요로 하신다면 저에게 전화나 이메일을 주십시오. 곧 귀하로부터 소식을 듣기를 기대하겠습니다.
Carol Williams 드림
19. 다음 글에 드러난 ‘I’의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?
Dan and I were supposed to make a presentation that day. Right after the class started, my phone buzzed. It was a text from Dan saying, “I can't make it on time. There's been a car accident on the road!” I almost fainted. ‘What should I do?’ Dan didn't show up before our turn, and soon I was standing in front of the whole class. I managed to finish my portion, and my mind went blank for a few seconds, wondering what to do. ‘Hold yourself together!’ I quickly came to my senses and worked through Dan's part of the presentation as best as I could. After a few moments, I finished the entire presentation on my own. Only then did the tension vanish. I could see our professor's beaming face.
조원이 불참했지만 성공적으로 끝낸 발표 수업
그날, Dan과 나는 발표를 하기로 예정되어 있었다. 수업이 시작된 직후에 나의 전화가 울렸다. 그것은 “나는 제시간에 갈 수 없어. 도로에서 차 사고가 있었어!”라고 하는 Dan으로부터 온 문자 메시지였다. 나는 거의 정신을 잃을 뻔했다. ‘어떻게 해야 하지’ Dan은 우리의 차례 전에 나타나지 않았고 곧 나는 전체 학생들 앞에 서 있었다. 나는 겨우 내 몫을 다 끝냈고 무엇을 해야 할지 생각하면서 나의 정신은 몇 초간 멍해졌다. ‘정신 차려!’ 나는 재빨리 정신을 가다듬고 Dan의 발표 부분을 내가 할 수 있는 최선을 다해 해 나갔다. 잠시 후, 나는 혼자서 전체 발표를 끝냈다. 그제서야 긴장감이 사라졌다. 나는 우리 교수님의 웃음을 띤 얼굴을 볼 수 있었다.
[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
A neuropsychologist, Michael Gazzaniga conducted a study that shows that our brains excel at creating coherent (but not necessarily true) stories that deceive us. In the study, split-brain patients were shown an image such that it was visible to only their left eye and asked to select a related card with their left hand. Left-eye vision and left-side body movement are controlled by the right hemisphere. In a split-brain patient, the connection between the right and left hemispheres has been broken, meaning no information can cross from one hemisphere to the other. Therefore, in this experiment, the right hemisphere was doing all of the work, and the left hemisphere was unaware of what was happening.
Gazzaniga then asked participants why they chose the card that they did. Because language is processed and generated in the left hemisphere, the left hemisphere is required to respond. However, because of the experiment's design, only the right hemisphere knew why the participant selected the card. As a result, Gazzaniga expected the participants to be silent when asked to answer the question. But instead, every subject fabricated a response. The left hemisphere was being asked to provide a rationalization for a behavior done by the right hemisphere. The left hemisphere didn't know the answer. But that didn't keep it from fabricating an answer. That answer, however, had no basis in reality. Now if this study had been limited to split-brain patients, it would be interesting but not very relevant to us. It turns out split-brain patients aren't the only ones who fabricate reasons. We all do it. We all need a coherent story about ourselves, and when information in that story is missing, our brains simply fill in the details.
*coherent 일관성 있는
알지 못하는 답을 꾸며 내는 우리의 뇌
신경 심리학자 Michael Gazzaniga는 우리의 뇌가 우리를 속이는 일관성 있는 (그러나 반드시 사실은 아닌) 이야기를 만들어 내는 데 있어 탁월하다는 것을 보여 주는 연구를 수행했다. 그 연구에서 분리 뇌 환자들에게 그들의 왼쪽 눈에만 보이도록 이미지를 보여 주고 그들의 왼손으로 관련 있는 카드를 선택하도록 요청했다. 왼쪽 눈의 시력과 왼쪽 몸의 움직임은 우뇌에 의해 제어된다. 분리 뇌 환자에게 있어 우뇌와 좌뇌 사이의 연결은 끊어졌으며 이는 한 쪽 뇌에서 다른 쪽 뇌로 정보가 건너갈 수 없다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 이 실험에서 우뇌가 모든 작업을 수행하고 있었고, 좌뇌는 무슨 일이 일어나고 있는지 알지 못하고 있었다.
Gazzaniga는 그 후 참가자들에게 그들이 선택했던 그 카드를 왜 선택했는지 질문했다. 언어는 좌뇌에서 처리되고 생성되기 때문에 좌뇌가 응답하도록 요구된다. 그러나 그 실험의 설계 때문에 오직 우뇌만이 왜 그 참가자가 그 카드를 선택했는지 알고 있었다. 결과적으로 Gazzaniga는 참가자들이 질문에 답할 것을 요청받았을 때 침묵할 것이라고 예상했다. 하지만 그 대신에 모든 피실험자는 응답을 꾸며 냈다. 좌뇌는 우뇌에 의해 행해진 행동에 대한 설명을 제공하라는 요청을 받고 있었다. 좌뇌는 답을 알지 못했다. 그러나 그것이 좌뇌가 답을 꾸며 내는 것을 막지는 못했다. 하지만 그 대답은 사실 근거를 가지고 있지 않았다. 자, 만약 이 연구가 분리 뇌 환자에만 제한됐었다면, 그것은 흥미롭지만 우리와 매우 관련 있는 일은 아닐 것이다. 분리 뇌 환자들이 이유를 꾸며 내는 유일한 사람이 아닌 것으로 드러난다. 우리 모두 그렇게 한다. 우리 모두는 자신에 대한 일관성 있는 이야기를 필요로 하고 그 이야기에서 정보가 빠져 있을 때, 우리의 뇌는 단순히 세부 사항을 채운다.
[43-45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
The basketball felt like it belonged in Chanel's hands even though it was only a practice game. She decided not to pass the ball to her twin sister, Vasha. Instead, she stopped, jumped, and shot the ball toward the basket, but it bounced off the backboard. Chanel could see that her teammates were disappointed. The other team got the ball and soon scored, ending the game.
When the practice game ended, Chanel felt her eyes sting with tears. “It's okay,” Vasha said in a comforting voice. Chanel appreciated her, but Vasha wasn't making her feel any better. Vasha wanted to help her twin improve. She invited her twin to practice with her. After school, they got their basketball and started practicing their basketball shots.
At first, Chanel did not like practicing with Vasha because every time Vasha shot the ball, it went in. But whenever it was Chanel's turn, she missed. She got frustrated at not making a shot. “Don't give up!” Vasha shouted after each missed shot. After twelve misses in a row, her thirteenth shot went in and she screamed, “I finally did it!” Her twin said, “I knew you could! Now let's keep practicing!”
The next day, Chanel played in the championship game against a rival school. It was an intense game and the score was tied when Chanel was passed the ball by Vasha, with ten seconds left in the game. She leaped into the air and shot the ball. It went straight into the basket! Chanel's last shot had made her team the champions. Vasha and all her other teammates cheered for her.
단지 연습 경기이기는 했지만 농구공은 마치 Chanel의 손에 속한 것처럼 느껴졌다. 그녀는 그녀의 쌍둥이 자매인 Vasha에게 공을 패스하지 않기로 결심했다. 그 대신에 그녀(Chanel)는 멈추고, 점프하여 공을 골대 쪽으로 던졌지만, 그것은 백보드를 맞고 튕겨 나갔다. Chanel은 팀원들이 실망하는 것을 볼 수 있었다. 상대 팀이 공을 가져가서 이내 득점했고 경기가 끝났다.
연습 경기가 끝났을 때, Chanel은 그녀의 눈이 눈물로 따끔거리는 것을 느꼈다. “괜찮아,” Vasha가 위로하는 목소리로 말했다. Chanel은 그녀에게 고마움을 느꼈지만 Vasha가 그녀의 기분을 더 나아지게 해 주지는 않았다. Vasha는 그녀의 쌍둥이가 향상하는 것을 돕고 싶었다. 그녀는 그녀의 쌍둥이에게 자신(Vasha)과 함께 연습하자고 권유했다. 방과 후에 그들은 그들의 농구공을 가지고 그들의 농구 슛을 연습하기 시작했다.
처음에 Chanel은 Vasha가 슛을 할 때마다 그것이 들어갔기 때문에 Vasha와 연습하는 것을 좋아하지 않았다. 하지만 Chanel의 차례마다 그녀는 슛을 넣지 못했다. 그녀(Chanel)는 슛을 넣지 못한 것에 좌절했다. “포기하지 마!” 각각의 슛이 실패한 후에 Vasha가 외쳤다. 12번의 연이은 실패 후에 그녀의 13번째 슛이 들어갔고, 그녀가 “마침내 내가 해냈어!”라고 외쳤다. 그녀의 쌍둥이가 “나는 네(Chanel)가 해낼 줄 알았어! 자, 계속 연습하자!”라고 말했다.
다음날 Chanel은 라이벌 학교와의 챔피언십 경기에 출전했다. 그것은 팽팽한 경기였고 Chanel이 경기에서 10초가 남은 상황에서 Vasha에게 공을 패스받았을 때 점수는 동점이었다. 그녀(Chanel)는 공중으로 뛰어올라 공을 던졌다. 그것은 곧바로 골대 안으로 들어갔다! Chanel의 마지막 슛은 그녀의 팀을 우승팀으로 만들었다. Vasha와 모든 다른 팀원들은 그녀에게 환호를 보냈다.
In a society that rejects the consumption of insects there are some individuals who overcome this rejection, but most will continue with this attitude. It may be very difficult to convince an entire society that insects are totally suitable for consumption. However, there are examples in which this reversal of attitudes about certain foods has happened to an entire society. Several examples in the past 120 years from European-American society are: considering lobster a luxury food instead of a food for servants and prisoners; considering sushi a safe and delicious food; and considering pizza not just a food for the rural poor of Sicily. In Latin American countries, where insects are already consumed, a portion of the population hates their consumption and associates it with poverty. There are also examples of people who have had the habit of consuming them and abandoned that habit due to shame, and because they do not want to be categorized as poor or uncivilized. According to Esther Katz, an anthropologist, if the consumption of insects as a food luxury is to be promoted, there would be more chances that some individuals who do not present this habit overcome ideas under which they were educated. And this could also help to revalue the consumption of insects by those people who already eat them.
곤충 섭취를 거부하는 사회에서는 이러한 거부를 극복한 몇몇 개인들이 있지만, 대부분은 이러한 태도를 지속할 것이다. 곤충이 섭취에 완전히 적합하다는 것을 전체 사회에 납득시키는 것은 매우 어려울지도 모른다. 하지만, 특정 음식에 대한 이러한 태도의 역전이 전체 사회에 발생해 온 사례들이 있다. 지난 120년간 유럽-아메리카 사회로부터의 몇몇 사례는 로브스터를 하인과 죄수용 음식 대신에 고급진 음식으로 여기는 것, 초밥을 안전하고 맛있는 음식으로 여기는 것, 그리고 피자를 단지 시칠리아 시골의 가난한 사람용 음식으로 여기지 않는 것이다. 곤충이 이미 섭취되는 라틴 아메리카 국가들에서는 인구의 일부는 그들의 섭취를 싫어하고 그것을 빈곤과 연관 짓는다. 그것을 섭취하는 습관이 있어 왔으나 수치심 때문에 그리고 그들은 가난하거나 미개하다고 분류되고 싶지 않았기 때문에 그 습관을 버린사람들의 사례들 또한 있다. 인류학자인 Esther Katz에 따르면, 만약 음식 호사로서의 곤충 섭취가 장려된다면, 이러한 습관을 보이지 않은 몇몇 개인들이 그들이 교육받았던 생각을 극복할 가능성이 더 많을 것이다. 그리고 이것은 또한 이미 그것을 먹고 있는 그 사람들에 의한 곤충의 섭취를 재평가하는 데에도 도움을 줄 수 있다.
A boy had a place at the best school in town. In the morning, his granddad took him to the school. When he went onto the playground with his grandson, the children surrounded them. “What a funny old man,” one boy smirked. A girl with brown hair pointed at the pair and jumped up and down. Suddenly, the bell rang and the children ran off to their first lesson.
한 소년이 마을에 있는 가장 좋은 학교에 한 자리를 얻었다. 아침에 그의 할아버지는 그를 학교에 데리고 갔다. 그가 그의 손자와 함께 운동장으로 들어갔을 때, 아이들이 그들을 둘러쌌다. “진짜 우스꽝스러운 할아버지다.”라며 한 소년이 히죽히죽 웃었다. 갈색 머리 소녀가 그 둘(노인과 소년)을 향해 손가락질하며 위아래로 뛰었다. 갑자기 종이 울렸고, 아이들이 그들의 첫 수업에 급히 뛰어갔다.
The old man took his grandson firmly by the hand, and led him out of the school gate. “Brilliant, I don't have to go to school!” the boy exclaimed. “You do, but not this one,” his granddad replied. “I'll find you a school myself.” Granddad took his grandson back to his own house, asked grandma to look after him, and went off to look for a teacher himself. Every time he spotted a school, the old man went onto the playground, and waited for the children to come out at break time.
노인은 손자의 손을 꽉 잡고, 그를 교문 밖으로 데리고 나갔다. “굉장한 걸, 나 학교에 가지 않아도 되네!”라고 소년이 소리쳤다. “가긴 가야지, 그렇지만 이 학교는 아니야.”라고 할아버지가 대답했다. “내가 직접 네게 학교를 찾아주마.” 할아버지는 손자를 집으로 데리고 돌아가 할머니에게 그를 돌봐달라고 하고 나서, 그 자신이 선생님을 찾아 나섰다. 학교를 발견할 때마다, 노인은 운동장으로 들어가서 아이들이 쉬는 시간에 나오기를 기다렸다.
In some schools the children completely ignored the old man and in others, they made fun of him. When this happened, he would turn sadly and go home. Finally, he went onto the tiny playground of a very small school, and leant against the fence, exhausted. The bell rang, and the crowd of children ran out onto the playground. “Sir, are you all right? Shall I bring you a glass of water?” a voice said. “We've got a bench in the playground ― come and sit down,” another voice said. Soon a young teacher came out onto the playground.
몇몇 학교에서는 아이들이 노인을 완전히 무시했고, 다른 학교들에서는 아이들이 그를 놀렸다. 이런 일이 일어났을 때, 그는 슬프게 돌아서서 집으로 가곤 했다. 마침내, 그는 매우 작은 한 학교의 아주 작은 운동장으로 들어섰고, 지쳐서 울타리에 기댔다. 종이 울렸고, 아이들의 무리가 운동장으로 달려 나왔다. “할아버지, 괜찮으세요? 물 한 잔 가져다드릴까요?” 누군가가 말했다. “우리 운동장에 벤치가 있어요―오셔서 앉으세요.” 또 다른 누군가가 말했다. 곧 한 젊은 선생님이 운동장으로 나왔다.
The old man greeted him and said: “Finally, I've found my grandson the best school in town.” “You're mistaken, sir. Our school is not the best ― it's small and cramped.” The old man didn't argue with the teacher. Instead, he made arrangements for his grandson to join the school, and then the old man left. That evening, the boy's mom said to him: “Dad, you can't even read. How do you know you've found the best teacher of all?” “Judge a teacher by his pupils,” the old man replied.
노인은 그에게 인사하면서 이렇게 말했다. “마침내, 제가 제 손자에게 마을 최고의 학교를 찾아주었네요.” “잘못 아신 겁니다, 어르신. 우리 학교는 최고가 아니에요―작고 비좁은걸요.” 노인은 선생님과 논쟁을 벌이지 않았다. 대신, 그는 손자가 그 학교에 다닐 수 있도록 준비해주고, 그런 다음에 노인은 떠났다. 그날 저녁, 소년의 어머니는 그에게 말했다. “아버지, 글을 읽을 줄도 모르시잖아요. 최고의 선생님을 찾았다는 것을 어떻게 아세요?” “선생님은 그 제자를 보고 판단해야 해.”라고 노인이 대답했다.
The driver of FOMO (the fear of missing out) is the social pressure to be at the right place with the right people, whether it's from a sense of duty or just trying to get ahead, we feel obligated to attend certain events for work, for family and for friends. This pressure from society combined with FOMO can wear us down. According to a recent survey, 70 percent of employees admit that when they take a vacation, they still don't disconnect from work. Our digital habits, which include constantly checking emails, and social media timelines, have become so firmly established, it is nearly impossible to simply enjoy the moment, along with the people with whom we are sharing these moments.
JOMO (the joy of missing out) is the emotionally intelligent antidote to FOMO and is essentially about being present and being content with where you are at in life. You do not need to compare your life to others but instead, practice tuning out the background noise of the “shoulds” and “wants” and learn to let go of worrying whether you are doing something wrong. JOMO allows us to live life in the slow lane, to appreciate human connections, to be intentional with our time, to practice saying “no,” to give ourselves “tech-free breaks,” and to give ourselves permission to acknowledge where we are and to feel emotions. Instead of constantly trying to keep up with the rest of society, JOMO allows us to be who we are in the present moment. When you free up that competitive and anxious space in your brain, you have so much more time, energy, and emotion to conquer your true priorities.
FOMO(소외되는 것에 대한 두려움)의 동기는 적재적소에 있어야 한다는 사회적 압박인데, 그것이 의무감으로부터 오는 것이든지 또는 앞서 나가려는 것에서 오는 것이든지 간에, 우리는 직장, 가족, 친구를 위해서 어떤 행사에 참석해야만 한다는 의무감을 느낀다. FOMO와 결합된 사회로부터의 이러한 압박은 우리를 지치게 할 수 있다. 최근 연구에 따르면 직원들 중 70%는 휴가를 가서도 여전히 직장에서 단절되지는 않는다고 인정했다. 끊임없이 이메일, 소셜 미디어 타임라인을 확인하는 것을 포함한 디지털 습관은 아주 굳어져서, 그 순간을 나누고 있는 사람들과 그저 즐기는 것은 거의 불가능하다.
JOMO(소외되는 것에 대한 즐거움)는 FOMO에 대한 정서적으로 현명한 해독제이고, 본질적으로 현재에 있으면서 당신이 현재의 삶 속에서 만족하는 것에 관한 것이다. 당신은 다른 사람들과 자신의 삶을 비교할 필요가 없다. 대신에, “해야 하는 것”과 “원하는 것”의 배경 소음을 없애는 연습을 하고, 당신 행동의 옳고 그름에 대한 걱정을 버리는 법을 배워라. JOMO는 느리게 가는 삶을 살도록 해주고, 인간관계의 연결을 이해하며, 당신의 시간에 대해서 의도를 갖고, “아니오”라고 말하는 연습을 하고, 자신에게 “기기에서 벗어나는 시간”을 주며, 당신이 현재 있는 곳을 인식하고 감정을 느낄 수 있도록 스스로에게 허락해준다. 나머지 사회를 따라잡으려고 끊임없이 애쓰는 대신에, JOMO는 현재 이 순간에 우리 자신이 될 수 있도록 해 준다. 당신이 뇌 속 경쟁적이고 걱정스러운 공간을 벗어날때, 당신은 더욱더 많은 시간, 에너지와 감정을 갖고 당신의 진정한 우선순위를 얻을 수 있다.
There was a very wealthy man who was bothered by severe eye pain. He consulted many doctors and was treated by several of them. He did not stop consulting a galaxy of medical experts; he was heavily medicated and underwent hundreds of injections. However, the pain persisted and was worse than before. At last, he heard about a monk who was famous for treating patients with his condition. Within a few days, the monk was called for by the suffering man.
심한 눈 통증으로 괴로워하는 부자가 있었다. 그는 많은 의사와 상담을 했고, 그들 중 여러 명에게 치료받았다. 그는 수많은 의료 전문가들과 상담하는 것을 멈추지 않았다. 그는 많은 약물을 복용했고 주사를 수백 번 맞았다. 하지만 통증은 지속되었고 전보다 심해졌다. 결국 그는 그와 같은 상태의 환자들을 치료하는 것으로 유명한 한 수도사에 대해 듣게 되었다. 며칠 후, 그 고통받는 남자는 수도사를 불러들였다.
The monk understood the wealthy man's problem and said that for some time he should concentrate only on green colours and not let his eyes see any other colours. The wealthy man thought it was a strange prescription, but he was desperate and decided to try it. He got together a group of painters and purchased barrels of green paint and ordered that every object he was likely to see be painted green just as the monk had suggested.
수도사는 그 부자의 문제를 이해하였고 일정 시간 동안 그는 녹색에만 집중하고 그의 눈이 다른 색을 보게 해서는 안 된다고 말했다. 부자는 그것이 이상한 처방이라고 생각했지만, 절박해서 그것을 시도하기로 하였다. 그는 페인트공들을 불러 모았고 녹색 페인트를 많이 구매하여 수도사가 제안한 대로 그가 보게 될 모든 물체를 녹색으로 칠하라고 지시했다.
In a few days everything around that man was green. The wealthy man made sure that nothing around him could be any other colour. When the monk came to visit him after a few days, the wealthy man's servants ran with buckets of green paint and poured them all over him because he was wearing red clothes. He asked the servants why they did that.
며칠 후 그 남자 주변의 모든 것은 녹색이 되었다. 부자는 그의 주변의 어떤 것도 다른 색이 되지 않도록 확실히 하였다. 며칠 후 수도사가 그를 찾아왔을 때, 그는 붉은 옷을 입고 있었기 때문에 부자의 하인들은 녹색 페인트통을 들고 달려와서 그의 몸 전체에 부었다. 그는 하인들에게 왜 그들이 그것을 했는지를 물었다.
They replied, “We can't let our master see any other colour.” Hearing this, the monk laughed and said “If only you had purchased a pair of green glasses for just a few dollars, you could have saved these walls, trees, pots, and everything else and you could have saved a large share of his fortune. You cannot paint the whole world green.”
그들은 대답했다, “우리는 주인이 다른 어떤 색도 보게 할 수 없어요.” 이것을 듣고 수도사는 웃으며 말했다. “만약에 당신들이 단돈 몇 달러밖에 하지 않는 녹색 안경 하나만 구매했다면, 이러한 벽, 나무, 항아리, 그리고 다른 모든 것을 지킬 수 있었을 것이고 또한 그의 재산의 많은 부분을 아낄 수 있었을 것입니다. 당신들은 온 세상을 녹색으로 칠할 수는 없어요.”
