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32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Great scientists are seldom one-hit wonders. Newton is a prime example: beyond the Newtonian mechanics, he developed the theory of gravitation, calculus, laws of motion, and optimization. In fact, well-known scientists are often involved in multiple discoveries, a phenomenon potentially explained by the Matthew effect. Indeed, an initial success may offer a scientist legitimacy, improve peer perception, provide knowledge of how to score and win, enhance social status, and attract resources and quality collaborators, each of these payoffs further increasing her odds of scoring another win. Yet, there is an appealing alternative explanation: Great scientists have multiple hits and consistently succeed in their scientific endeavors simply because they’re exceptionally talented. Therefore, future success again goes to those who have had success earlier, not because of advantages offered by the previous success, but because the earlier success was indicative of a hidden talent. The Matthew effect posits that success alone increases the future probability of success, raising the question: Does status dictate outcomes, or does it simply reflect an underlying talent or quality? In other words, is there really a Matthew effect after all?

*posit:상정하다

33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

When we realize we’ve said something in error and we pause to go back to correct it, we stop gesturing a couple of hundred milliseconds before we stop speaking. Such sequences suggest the startling notion that our hands “know” what we’re going to say before our conscious minds do, and in fact this is often the case. Gesture can mentally prime a word so that the right term comes to our lips. When people are prevented from gesturing, they talk less fluently; their speech becomes halting because their hands are no longer able to supply them with the next word, and the next. Not being able to gesture has other deleterious effects: without gesture to help our mental processes along, we remember less useful information, we solve problems less well, and we are less able to explain our thinking. Far from tagging along as speech’s clumsy companion, gesture represents the leading edge of our thought.

*startling:놀라운**deleterious:해로운

34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Despite the difference between the past and the future, between what has happened and what is to come, it can be suggested, that our sense of the past has always been influenced by our view of the future. Revolutionaries have always looked to the past to frame their future cause, as is amply illustrated by examples from nationalism to communism. The future has often been seen as variously a recovery of a lost time, as a replication of what is established, or as a model bequeathed by a heroic age long gone. The writing of history is based on understanding or explaining future outcomes that were not known to contemporaries, since the historian has the benefit of hindsight and the past is nothing more than the accumulation of futures that are now our past. So, rather than see the hand of the past always shaping the future, perhaps it can be seen in reverse, with the past ━ in the sense of our understanding of it ━ being shaped by our orientation to the future.

*replication:복제**bequeath:후세에 전하다***hindsight:(지난 일에 대한) 통찰력

35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Dictionaries are relatively good resources for anyone interested in finding out what a word means. Using one set of words to define another word is called a lexical definition. But it’s important to understand the limits of dictionary definitions.More often than not, a definition in a dictionary requires readers to have a fairly robust understanding of the language already at their disposal. In other words, a dictionary functions in many cases as a cross­reference or translator between words one knows and words that one doesn’t yet know. Even the most obscure words in a dictionary, say, for example, “pulchritudinous” or “kalokagathia,” must be defined using words that the reader already knows and understands. Otherwise, the dictionary isn’t very helpful.

*lexical:어휘적인**robust:탄탄한***obscure:난해한

36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The governments of virtually every country on the planet attach great importance to achieving food security and a wide variety of mechanisms have been developed to realize this goal. The first issue governments face in achieving national food security is the problem of insuring that adequate amounts of food are available to the resident population. Some governments have set goals of food self­sufficiency, which means most if not all of the food available in a country comes from the domestic farming system. However, food security does not require food self-sufficiency because countries can import food items not easily produced within the country. Agricultural products are, after all, highly sensitive to climatic, soil and other conditions that tend to vary around the world. Even countries with extremely productive agricultural sectors are not fully self­sufficient in all food items. The United States, for example, depends on imports for its supply of coffee, tea, bananas and other tropical products. In general, the problem of assuring adequate food supplies is solved by relying on both domestic production and imports.

37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Stress not only affects physical disease but also the very structure of our brains, making us even more likely to experience a drained brain. A number of studies have been done to reveal what happens in healthy people’s brains when they go through something stressful. One study demonstrated a link between a smaller hippocampus and people who had experienced long­lasting stress. Why does this matter? This part of the brain helps you remain resilient in the face of stress and is involved in mood regulation. It also helps you to monitor the safety of your environment and store dangerous images in your long-term memory so you can avoid them in the future. It does all these things as part of its duties of regulating your sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. But chronic stress can confuse the hippocampus and lead to turning signals for cortisol “on” instead of “off,” which can trap you in a constant state of fight, flight, or freeze.

*resilient:회복력이 있는**(para)sympathetic:(부)교감***hippocampus:(대뇌 측두엽의) 해마

38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

It is important to recognize that although science is a rule-based procedure, it is very much a creative process. A conjecture is a philosophical invention, cooked up rather mystically by the mind through the mental computation we call careful contemplation. However, until the hypothesis is tested against reality, it is not yet truly knowledge; it is just information that represents speculation. Knowledge is information that has demonstrated its usefulness. It is what is left over after cycles of experimental testing have eliminated false theories. As scientists continually test their hypotheses and modify their models to account for new and surprising data, a kind of “learning loop” emerges that statisticians call Bayesian updating. Based on Bayes’ Rule, developed by eighteenth­century English statistician and philosopher Thomas Bayes, Bayesian updating refers to a mathematical process whereby an accepted theory or predictive model gets increasingly accurate through the repetitive testing of competing variants of that theory.

*conjecture:추론**contemplation:숙고***speculation:추측

39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

As a general rule, it’s better if your definition corresponds as closely as possible to the way in which the term is ordinarily used in the kinds of debates to which your claims are pertinent. There will be, however, occasions where it is appropriate, even necessary, to coin special uses through what philosophers call stimulative definition. This would be the case where the current lexicon is not able to make distinctions that you think are philosophically important. For example, we do not have a term in ordinary language that describes a memory that is not necessarily a memory of something the person having it has experienced. Such a thing would occur, for example, if I could somehow share your memories: I would have a memory­type experience, but this would not be of something that I had actually experienced. To call this a memory would be misleading. For this reason, philosophers have coined the special term ‘quasi­memory’ to refer to these hypothetical memory­like experiences.

*pertinent:관련 있는

40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

Quite often the interaction between groups is socially unequal, and this is reflected in the fact that in many cases borrowing of words or constructions goes mostly or entirely in one direction, from the more powerful or prestigious group to the less favored one. The languages of socially subordinated groups may from quite an early period of contact provide terminology for objects or practices with which speakers of the more powerful group were previously unfamiliar, but the effects of contact in that direction may not progress any further than this. In some cases, as with the Dharug language of Sydney, Australia, the source of some of the earliest loans from Indigenous Australian languages into English, the fate of the language system is extinction after the obliteration of many of its speakers. The remainder shifted to varieties of English, the language of the people who had suppressed them.

*prestigious:권력을 가진**subordinate:종속된***obliteration:소멸

Language borrowing from dominant to subordinate groups reflects social (A)inequality, where the language systems of the latter often (B)vanish even though they may have provided some terms, as exemplified by Dharug in Australia.

[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

In 1900, at the close of the first decade in which electric systems had become a practical alternative for manufacturers, less than 5 percent of the power used in factories came from electricity. But the technological advances of suppliers made electric systems and electric motors ever more affordable and reliable, and the suppliers’ intensive marketing programs also sped the adoption of the new technology. Further accelerating the shift was the rapid expansion in the number of skilled electrical engineers, who provided the expertise needed to install and run the new systems. In short order, electric power had gone from exotic to commonplace.

But one thing didn’t change. Factories continued to build their own power-supply systems on their own premises. Few manufacturers considered buying electricity from the small central stations. Designed to supply lighting to local homes and shops, the central stations had neither the size nor the skill to serve the needs of big factories. And the factory owners, having always supplied their own power, were loath to assign such a critical function to an outsider. They knew that a glitch in power supply would bring their operations to a halt ━ and that a lot of glitches might well mean bankruptcy. As the new century began, a survey found that there were already 50,000 private electric plants in operation, far surpassing the 3,600 central stations.

*premises:(공장) 부지**glitch:(작은) 결함

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20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Fans who are inclined to spend a lot of time thinking about what athletes owe them as fans should also think about the corresponding obligations that fans might have as fans. One who thinks only about what they are entitled to receive from their friends without ever giving a moment’s thought to what they owe their friends is, to put it mildly, not a very good friend. Similarly, fans who only think about what athletes owe them without ever thinking about what they owe to athletes have failed to take the fan/athlete relationship all that seriously. As in nearly every other area of human life, whatever special rights fans may possess are limited by a corresponding set of obligations, and fans who never think about how they can be better fans even as they confidently opine about what athletes owe them are hardly fulfilling their end of the bargain.

*opine:(의견을) 말하다, 밝히다

21. 밑줄 친 keeping the ball on a slope가 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

The concept of ecosystem states should be familiar to anyone with a home vegetable garden. The garden is a small ecosystem that the grower attempts to keep in a specific state, namely the maximization of fruit and vegetable production. To achieve this, the grower is almost always intervening in the dynamics of the ecosystem; they remove unwanted plants that begin to grow and perhaps spray insecticides and fence off the patch to stop insects and other animals from consuming the vegetables. Since maximizing vegetable growth is an inherently unstable state for the ecosystem, the grower is effectively keeping the ball on a slope. If the grower stops intervening, even for a day, the ecosystem, that small patch of ground, will naturally begin to shift to a more stable state. Vegetables may still grow, but yield will almost certainly be lower as other plants crowd out the vegetables and wildlife consume the produce.

*insecticide:살충제

22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

Commitment is the glue holding together characteristically human forms of social life. Commitments make individuals’ behavior predictable in the face of fluctuations in their desires and interests, thereby facilitating the planning and coordination of joint actions involving multiple agents. Moreover, commitments make people willing to perform actions that they would not otherwise perform. For example, a taxi driver picks up his clients and transports them to their desired destination because they are committed to paying him afterwards for the service, and a construction worker performs her job every day because her employer has made a credible commitment to pay her at the end of the month. Indeed, the taxi driver and the construction worker are willing to accept money as payment only because a network of other agents (notably the central bank) is committed to taking various measures to sustain the currency in question. Thus, social objects and institutions such as jobs, money, government, scientific collaborations and marriage depend for their origin and stability upon the credibility of commitments.

*fluctuation:동요

23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

If the brain has already stored someone’s face and name, why do we still end up remembering one and not the other? This is because the brain has something of a two-tier memory system at work when it comes to retrieving memories, and this gives rise to a common yet infuriating sensation: recognising someone, but not being able to remember how or why, or what their name is. This happens because the brain differentiates between familiarity and recall. To clarify, familiarity (or recognition) is when you encounter someone or something and you know you’ve done so before. But beyond that, you’ve got nothing; all you can say is this person/thing is already in your memories. Recall is when you can access the original memory of how and why you know this person; recognition is just flagging up the fact that the memory exists.

*retrieve:꺼내다**infuriating: 짜증 나는

24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Since their start in the early 1950s U.S. television sitcoms have charted many of the social conflicts in U.S. society: civil rights, women’s rights in the home and in the workplace, children’s rights, immigration and multiculturalism, as well as evolving conceptions of the family. Each of these issues has been addressed through humour in a way that has helped to make more progressive values more acceptable than previously. Often a character, usually someone marked as a bigot, resisted one or more of these developments and was then made to appear ridiculous. They were cut down either through their own stupidity, a brief scolding from others, or both. In this way, the humour of sitcoms acted as a cost-effective means to encourage acceptance of a more pluralistic and tolerant society.

*bigot:편견이 아주 심한 사람**pluralistic:다원적인

29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

The prominence of the social dimension in food writing might suggest that the flavor of food is taking a back seat. I suspect that most people view flavor as of secondary importance in social settings where food is served. Although our social gatherings coalesce around food, the meaning of these gatherings does not seem to depend on flavor. Flavor assists with the narrow purpose of filling the belly, and once that is accomplished it provides the backdrop for whatever social dynamics characterize the gathering. These can be understood independently of the flavor of the food on offer, the appreciation of which is understood to be personal and subjective. According to this conventional wisdom, the ceremonies and rituals around food, the social events that supply food with its meaning, do not depend on the quality of sensations provided by the food. To focus excessively on flavor is to miss the larger significance of these social relations.

*coalesce:모이다**backdrop:배경

30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

There are reasons why science is not fully trusted and why healthy skepticism and critical thinking are essential. In spite of professional standards, claims of objectivity, and the peer review process, the conduct of science can be biased. All experts are not the same, nor do they submit their work to the same scrutiny. Knowing the source of funding can be important in evaluating scientific claims. For example, the Harvard researchers who made claims in the late 1960s about the problems with dietary fat, leading the nation away from perceiving sugar as one of the main causes in health problems, were funded in part by the sugar industry. The authors did not reveal their funding source to the New England Journal of Medicine, where their influential article appeared. Their article shaped a generation of changes in eating patterns that appears to have fostered higher use of sugar, now widely implicated as a source of the rise in obesity and diabetes. Stories such as this one fuel suspicion ━ but also lead to further safeguards in the scientific process. Funding disclosures, although not required five decades ago, have since been made compulsory.

*skepticism:회의주의**scrutiny:심층 조사***implicate:관련이 있음을 알려 주다

31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

The explosion of popular music in the second half of the twentieth century as well as the global circulation and dissemination of music by the creative industries propelled a new understanding of accessibility in relation to music. Suddenly, in the 1950s, anyone could pick up spoons, a couple of pans, a second-hand guitar and start a band. This led to specific genres such as skiffle, but also, more generally, reflected a much more relaxed and inclusive attitude to music making. While ordinary people had always sung and made music, the popular music movement was driven by a spirit of rebellion and freedom. This approach led to the punk movement, whose musicians even made it a condition for their music to be non-virtuosic and accessible to all in the 1970s. Groups who had been entirely excluded from music revelled in opportunities to create. This led to a sense of novelty and empowerment in and beyond the music sphere.

*dissemination:보급**non-virtuosic:전문성이 높지 않은

*** revel in:~을 만끽하다

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32. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

As you listen to your child in an emotional moment, be aware that sharing simple observations usually works better than asking questions to get a conversation rolling. You may ask your child “Why do you feel sad?” and she may not have a clue. As a child, she may not have an answer on the tip of her tongue. Maybe she’s feeling sad about her parents’ arguments, or because she feels overtired, or she’s worried about a piano recital. But she may or may not be able to explain any of this. And even when she does come up with an answer, she might be worried that the answer is not good enough to justify the feeling. Under these circumstances, a series of questions can just make a child silent. It’s better to simply reflect what you notice. You can say, “You seem a little tired today,” or, “I noticed that you frowned when I mentioned the recital,” and wait for her response.

33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Our skin conducts electricity more or less efficiently, depending on our emotions. We know that when we’re emotionally stimulated ━ stressed, sad, any intense emotion, really ━ our bodies sweat a tiny bit, so little we might not even notice. And when those tiny drops of sweat appear, our skin gets more electrically conductive. This change in sweat gland activity happens completely without your conscious mind having much say in the matter. If you feel emotionally intense, you’re going to notice an increase in sweat gland activity. This is particularly useful from a scientific viewpoint, because it allows us to put an objective value on a subjective state of mind. We can actually measure your emotional state by tracking how your body subconsciously sweats, by running a bit of electricity through your skin. We can then turn the subjective, subconscious experience of emotional intensity into an objective number by figuring out how good your skin gets at transferring an electrical current.

*sweat gland:땀샘

34. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Plants can communicate, although not in the same way we do. Some express their discontent through scents. You know that smell that hangs in the air after you’ve mowed the lawn? Yeah, that’s actually an SOS. Some plants use sound. Yes, sound, though at a frequency that we can’t hear. Researchers experimented with plants and microphones to see if they could record any trouble calls. They found that plants produce a high-frequency clicking noise when stressed and can make different sounds for different stressors. The sound a plant makes when it’s not getting watered differs from the one it’ll make when a leaf is cut. However, it’s worth noting that experts don’t think plants are crying out in pain. It’s more likely that these reactions are knee-jerk survival actions. Plants are living organisms, and their main objective is to survive. Scents and sounds are their tools for defending against things that might harm them.

*scent:냄새**mow:(잔디를) 깎다***kneejerk:자동적인

35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

What does it mean for a character to be a hero as opposed to a villain? In artistic and entertainment descriptions, it’s essential for the author to establish a positive relationship between a protagonist and the audience. In order for tragedy or misfortune to draw out an emotional response in viewers, the character must be adjusted so as to be recognizable as either friend or enemy. Whether the portrayal is fictional or documentary, we must feel that the protagonist is someone whose actions benefit us; the protagonist is, or would be, a worthy companion or valued ally. Violent action films are often filled with dozens of incidental deaths of minor characters that draw out little response in the audience. In order to feel strong emotions, the audience must be emotionally invested in a character as either ally or enemy.

*villain:악당**protagonist:주인공

36. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Let’s assume that at least some animals are capable of thinking despite lacking a language. This doesn’t necessarily mean that they possess concepts, for some forms of thought may be nonconceptual. We can imagine, for instance, a squirrel who is planning how to get from the branch she’s currently standing on to a branch from the tree in front. To do this, in principle she doesn’t need a concept of branch nor a concept of tree. It might be enough for her to have, for example, the ability to think in images; to make a mental map of the tree where she can imagine and try out different routes. This doesn’t imply that squirrels lack concepts, simply that they don’t need them for this concrete form of thinking. For us to be able to say that an animal has concepts, we have to show not just that she’s capable of thinking, but also that she has certain specific abilities.

*squirrel:다람쥐

37. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Cartilage is extremely important for the healthy functioning of a joint, especially if that joint bears weight, like your knee. Imagine for a moment that you’re looking into the inner workings of your left knee as you walk down the street. When you shift your weight from your left leg to your right, the pressure on your left knee is released. The cartilage in your left knee then “drinks in” synovial fluid, in much the same way that a sponge soaks up liquid when put in water. When you take another step and transfer the weight back onto your left leg, much of the fluid squeezes out of the cartilage. This squeezing of joint fluid into and out of the cartilage helps it respond to the off-and-on pressure of walking without breaking under the pressure.

*cartilage:연골**synovial fluid:윤활액

38. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

Piaget put the same amount of water into two different glasses: a tall narrow glass and a wide glass, then asked kids to compare two glasses. Kids younger than six or seven usually say that the tall narrow glass now holds more water, because the level is higher. And when they are ready, they figure out the conservation of volume for themselves just by playing with cups of water. Piaget argued that children’s understanding of morality is like their understanding of those water glasses: we can’t say that it is innate or kids learn it directly from adults. Rather, it is self-constructed as kids play with other kids. Taking turns in a game is like pouring water back and forth between glasses. Once kids have reached the age of five or six, then playing games and working things out together will help them learn about fairness far more effectively than any teaching from adults.

*innate:타고난**conservation:보존

39. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.

The rise of air-conditioning accelerated the construction of sealed boxes, where the building’s only airflow is through the filtered ducts of the air-conditioning unit. It doesn’t have to be this way. Look at any old building in a hot climate, whether it’s in Sicily or Marrakesh or Tehran. Architects understood the importance of shade, airflow, light colors. They oriented buildings to capture cool breezes and block the worst heat of the afternoon. They built with thick walls and white roofs and transoms over doors to encourage airflow. Anyone who has ever spent a few minutes in a mudbrick house in Tucson, or walked on the narrow streets of old Seville, knows how well these construction methods work. But all this wisdom about how to deal with heat, accumulated over centuries of practical experience, is all too often ignored. In this sense, air-conditioning is not just a technology of personal comfort; it is also a technology of forgetting.

*accumulate:축적하다**duct:(배)관***transom:채광창

40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하려 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?

In the course of trying to solve a problem with an invention, you may encounter a brick wall of resistance when you try to think your way logically through the problem. Such logical thinking is a linear type of process, which uses our reasoning skills. This works fine when we’re operating in the area of what we know or have experienced. However, when we need to deal with new information, ideas, and viewpoints, linear thinking will often come up short. On the other hand, creativity by definition involves the application of new information to old problems and the conception of new viewpoints and ideas. For this you will be most effective if you learn to operate in a nonlinear manner; that is, use your creative brain. Stated differently, if you think in a linear manner, you’ll tend to be conservative and keep coming up with techniques which are already known. This, of course, is just what you don’t want.

*linear:선형의**conservative:보수적인

(A)Logical thinking works well with familiar problems but falls short in dealing with new ideas, for which creative thinking is needed to come up with (B)innovative solutions.

[41-42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Some researchers view spoken languages as incomplete devices for capturing precise differences. They think numbers represent the most neutral language of description. However, when our language of description is changed to numbers, we do not move toward greater accuracy. Numbers are no more appropriate ‘pictures of the world’ than words, music, or painting. While useful for specific purposes (e.g. census taking, income distribution), they eliminate information of enormous value. For example, the future lives of young students are tied to their scores on national tests. In effect, whether they can continue with their education, where, and at what cost depends importantly on a handful of numbers. These numbers do not account for the quality of schools they have attended, whether they have been tutored, have supportive parents, have test anxiety, and so on. Finally, putting aside the many ways in which statistical results can be manipulated, there are ways in which turning people’s lives into numbers is morally insulating. Statistics on crime, homelessness, or the spread of a disease say nothing of people’s suffering. We read the statistics as reports on events at a distance, thus allowing us to escape without being disturbed. Statistics are human beings with the tears wiped off. Quantify with caution.

*statistical:통계의**manipulate:조작하다***insulating:차단하는

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20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Improving your gestural communication involves more than just knowing when to nod or shake hands. It’s about using gestures to complement your spoken messages, adding layers of meaning to your words. Open-handed gestures, for example, can indicate honesty, creating an atmosphere of trust. You invite openness and collaboration when you speak with your palms facing up. This simple yet powerful gesture can make others feel more comfortable and willing to engage in conversation. But be careful of the trap of over-gesturing. Too many hand movements can distract from your message, drawing attention away from your words. Imagine a speaker whose hands move quickly like birds, their message lost in the chaos of their gestures. Balance is key. Your gestures should highlight your words, not overshadow them.

21. 밑줄 친 start down this slippery slope이 다음 글에서 의미하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Assuming gene editing in humans proves to be safe and effective, it might seem logical, even preferable, to correct disease-causing mutations at the earliest possible stage of life, before harmful genes begin causing serious problems. Yet once it becomes possible to transform an embryo’s mutated genes into “normal” ones, there will certainly be temptations to upgrade normal genes to superior versions. Should we begin editing genes in unborn children to lower their lifetime risk of heart disease or cancer? What about giving unborn children beneficial features, like greater strength and increased mental abilities, or changing physical characteristics, like eye and hair color? The pursuit for perfection seems almost natural to human nature, but if we start down this slippery slope, we may not like where we end up.

*mutation:돌연변이**embryo:배아

22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?

The science we learn in grade school is a collection of certainties about the natural world ━ the earth goes around the sun, DNA carries the information of an organism, and so on. Only when you start to learn the practice of science do you realize that each of these “facts” was hard won through a succession of logical inferences based upon many observations or experiments. The process of science is less about collecting pieces of knowledge than it is about reducing the uncertainties in what we know. Our uncertainties can be greater or lesser for any given piece of knowledge depending upon where we are in that process ━ today we are quite certain of how an apple will fall from a tree, but our understanding of the turbulent fluid flow remains a work in progress after more than a century of effort.

*inference:추론**turbulent fluid flow:난류 유동

23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?

There is a wealth of evidence that when parents, teachers, supervisors, and coaches are perceived as involved and caring, people feel happier and more motivated. And it is not just those people with power ━ we need to feel valued and respected by peers and coworkers. Thus, when the need for relatedness is met, motivation and internalization are fueled, provided that support for autonomy and competence are also there. If we are trying to motivate others, a caring relationship is a crucial basis from which to begin. And when we are trying to motivate ourselves, doing things to enhance a sense of connectedness to others can be crucial to long-term persistence. So exercise with a friend, call someone when you have a difficult decision to make, and be there as a support for others as they take on challenges.

*autonomy:자율성**persistence:지속

24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Modern brain-scanning techniques such as fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have revealed that reading aloud lights up many areas of the brain. There is intense activity in areas associated with pronunciation and hearing the sound of the spoken response, which strengthens the connective structures of your brain cells for more brainpower. This leads to an overall improvement in concentration. Reading aloud is also a good way to develop your public speaking skills because it forces you to read each and every word ━ something people don’t often do when reading quickly, or reading in silence. Children, in particular, should be encouraged to read aloud because the brain is wired for learning through connections that are created by positive stimulation, such as singing, touching, and reading aloud.

*stimulation:자극

29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?

Routines enable athletes to evaluate competition conditions. For example, bouncing a ball in a volleyball service routine supplies the server with information about the ball, the floor, and the state of her muscles. This information can then be used to properly prepare for her serve. Routines also enable athletes to adjust and fine-tune their preparations based on those evaluations or in pursuit of a particular competitive goal. This adaptation can involve adjustment to the conditions, rivals, competitive situation, or internal influences that can affect performance. Just like adjusting a race-car engine to the conditions of the track, air temperature, and weather, routines adjust all competitive components to achieve proper performance.

*component:구성 요소

30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은?

Promotion deals with consumer psychology. We can’t force people to think one way or another, and the clever marketer knows that promotion is used to provide information in the most clear, honest, and simple fashion possible. By doing so, the possibility of increasing sales goes up. Gone are the days when promotions were done in order to fool the consumer into purchasing something. The long-term effect of getting a consumer to buy something they did not really want or need wasn’t good. In fact, consumers fooled once can do damage to sales as they relate their experience to others. Instead, marketers now know that their goal is to identify the consumers who are most likely to appreciate a good or service, and to promote that good or service in a way that makes the value clear to the consumer. Therefore, marketers must know where the potential consumers are, and how to reach them.

31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.

Plato argued that when you see something that strikes you as beautiful, you are really just seeing a partial reflection of true beauty, just as a painting or even a photograph only captures part of the real thing. True beauty, or what Plato calls the Form of Beauty, has no particular color, shape, or size. Rather, it is an abstract idea, like the number five. You can make drawings of the number five in blue or red ink, big or small, but the number five itself is none of those things. It has no physical form. Think of the idea of a triangle, for example. Although it has no particular color or size, it somehow lies within each and every triangle you see. Plato thought the same was true of beauty. The Form of Beauty somehow lies within each and every beautiful thing you see.